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2014 Vol. 33, No. 3 Published: 2014-06-20 257 The Impact of Focal Configuration of Excitation Beam on  Shear Wave Speed Estimation#br# SONG Ke     LIN JiangLi#* CHEN Ke# DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.01 The aim of this work is to explore the feasibility of a largescale elastography with the existing methods, and the impact of some factors such as focal configuration and detection position, on the estimation of local shear wave speeds under the same acoustic radiation excitation. Simulation program Field II and finite element methods were used for the simulation of acoustic radiation force and tissue response, then a crosscorrelation based method was used for the estimation of local shear wave speed. Results showed that with the improvement of detection sensitivity, it was feasible for two or three excitation impulses to complete a shear wave speed image. The estimated shear wave speeds calculated with the existing methods were closely related with the spatial location of the detecting point; the difference was 12.7% between the shear wave speeds measured at superficial locations and at focal depth. The imaging area was enlarged with the increase of fnumber (focal depth/aperture size), however, the accuracy of shear wave speed estimation was reduced in the meantime. Thus, a modified algorithm was presented in the paper. After modification, the local shear wave speed is closer to the theoretical value; in the case of fnumber was 1.3, the rootmeansquare error was reduced from 3.2% to 0.6%. It is demonstrated that the existing excitation of acoustic radiation force and the modified estimation method of shear wave speed can be used in largescale elastographies. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 257-265 [Abstract] ( 328 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2116 KB)  ( 430 ) 266 A Numerical Approach to Calculation and Analysis of Characteristics of Brain Functional Response to Grip Test CHENG Si Jia    JING Bin     LI Hai Yun #* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.02 In order to investigate the characteristics of human brain's responses to different gripping force tests, we proposed a novel numerical approach, combining the independent component analysis (ICA) and the cloud model. Firstly, we obtained ten subjects' fMRI image data from MRI scanner under different experimental conditions, and preprocessed those fMRI raw data, then the ICA was used to determine the brain active regions of different tasks, and the cloud model was applied to explore the numerical distribution characteristics of the activated voxels in activated regions under different grip force tests. The results showed that the activated regions mainly located at the contralateral cerebrum such as Brodmann area 2, 3, 4, 6 and ipsilateral cerebellum, and with the increasement of grip force, the number of the activated voxels in precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus increased (cluster size: 4 075, 4 218, 4 965). In the activated region, the characteristic parameters of cloud model such as expectation, entropy, hyperentropy (Ex, En, He) showed significant differences between task state and control state of different force conditions. The Ex (P<0.001) and En (P<0.005) were significantly increased while the He (P<0.005) was significantly decreased. But these parameters had no significant differences between different force conditions. In the unactivated region, the Ex、En、He had no significant differences between task and control state. The proposed method can be used to investigate the numerical distribution characteristics of brain's response to different tasks in future. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 266-273 [Abstract] ( 162 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1608 KB)  ( 348 ) 274 Effects of Acute Dumbbell Trainings of Upper Limbs on theCommon Carotid Arterial Stiffness and Hemodynamics SHEN Hua1,3 LIU HaiBin2     HOU Jie1       QIN KaiRong1* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.03 There are conflicting results on the impact of resistance trainings on arterial stiffness. To investigate the acute effects of resistance exercise trainings of upper limbs by different workload dumbbells on the arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in the common carotid arteries, ten male healthy young volunteers with average age 21 years (21±2years) underwent two groups of resistance exercise trainings of upper limb with the different workloads on dumbbells. At rest and right after the exercise training, a color ultrasonic doppler test was used to measure the waveforms of arterial diameter and centerline velocity in the right common carotid artery. The heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were simultaneously measured on the left brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer. All measured data were analyzed based upon Womersely theory. Furthermore, the arterial stiffness, pressurestrain elastic modulus, and associated hemodynamic parameters were calculated. The results of statistical analysis showed that the heart rate and maximum wall shear stress were significantly increased after dumbbells exercises while arterial diameter, mean flow rates and mean blood pressure were not significantly changed; in one cardiac cycle, significant increases could be observd in the maximum centerline velocities and mean systolic blood pressure. After 5 kg workload, maximum flow rate and mean centerline velocities were significantly increased and minimum velocity decreased while arterial stiffness, pressurestrain elastic modulus, diastolic blood pressure, minimum shear stress and OSI were not changed. When dumbbells workload was increased from 5 kg to 7 kg, arterial stiffness, pressurestrain elastic modulus and OSI were significantly increased while the diastolic blood pressure, minimum shear stress signifieantly reduced. No significant changes were detected in mean centerline velocities and minimum velocity. These results indicated that resistance arm exercise trainings by dumbbells induced significant effects on the local hemodynamic parameters in the common carotid arteries, and acute dumbbells exercise trainings in high intensity of upper limb increased the stiffness of the common carotid artery.  2014 Vol. 33 (3): 274-282 [Abstract] ( 274 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1693 KB)  ( 410 ) 283 Medical Image Features Extraction and Fusion Based on Online Dictionary Learning WU Shuang    QIU Tian Shuang#*GAO Shan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.04 An image features extraction and fusion algorithm based on online dictionary learning (ODL) is presented in this paper. Firstly, source images were combined into a joint matrix by the sliding window technique, the size of the sliding window was 8×8, the overcomplete dictionary was trained by ODL algorithm and the sparse codes were acquired by LARS algorithm; the activity level measurement of sparse codes was the L1 norm of its vector, then, the sparse codes were fused by activity level maximum rule; finally, the fused image was reconstructed by overcomplete dictionary and fused sparse codes. Coaligned medical images of twenty patients were tested by experiments and the quality of the fused image was evaluated by five kinds of commonly used objective criterions. Compared with the other two popular medical image fusion algorithms, objective criterions of the fusion result show the advantage of the proposed algorithm, the mean of Piella, QAB/F，MIAB/F， BSSIM and space frequency index is 0.800 4, 0.552 4, 3.630 2, 0.726 9 and 31.941 3, the fusion images of the proposed algorithm have high definition and contrast, clear texture and edge and fast speed, showing its application potentials of aiding clinical diagnoses and treatment. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 283-288 [Abstract] ( 331 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1407 KB)  ( 749 ) 289 Optic Disc Detection on Retinal Images Based on Directional Local Contrast ZHENG Shao Hua*    CHEN Jian   PAN Lin   YU Lun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.05 The optic disc (OD) is considered as one of the main features of a retinal image. OD detection is a main step in developing automated analysis systems for the retinopathy. In this paper, we proposed a method aiming to effectively extract the local brightness areas in digital retinal fundus images based on directional local contrast (DLC) filter. The right OD region of interest (ROI) was selected by considering its local vessels features. Thereupon, in the selected ROI, the OD contour was exactly detected using the mathematical morphology method and regionbased active contour model technique. The evaluation for the proposed method was performed using the dataset of 81 images from the public STARE project, containing images from both normal (31) and pathological (50) subjects, even including severe pathological situations. The OD position was correctly identified in 73 out of 81 images, the accuracy rate is about 90.1%. These results demonstrate that the method effectively overcomes the influence from the large bright spot lesions on OD detection by just extracting the large vessels and less computation time. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 289-296 [Abstract] ( 287 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2179 KB)  ( 1016 ) 297 Somatosensory Evoked Potential Changes in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia ZHANG Yan1     HAO DongMei1#*LV XiuHua1        WANG XiuLi2 TIAN YunQing3 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.06 The electroencephalogram (EEG) is often applied to diagnose the diseases of the nervous system because of its advantages of high time resolution, clear observation to the dynamic changes for the brain activity, and the completely noninvasive detection. To explore somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) changes and functional recovery of the cerebral cortex following cerebral ischemia, 25 Sprague Dawley male rats have been divided into 5 groups, which include control group and four ischemia groups， 4 h group, 24 h group, 48 h group and 1 w group. The rat model of cerebral ischemia has been established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the left hemisphere. SEP of left cortex was detected by electrically stimulating the right median nerve of rat paw. The EEG in resting state was analyzed by spectral technology. The result shows that， after 4 hours of MCAO the latency of SEP has been significantly prolonged（（16.0±1.1）ms vs（33.7±1.3）ms，P<0.01）, and the amplitude is decreased（（197.2±13.0）μV vs（25.1±2.0）μV，P<0.01）. The energy of θ wave, α wave, β wave, γ wave are significantly smaller. θ wave:（139 367.86±178.66）μV2 vs（2.22±0.40）μV2，P <0.01；α wave:（5 389.33±25.55）μV2   vs（0.23±0.01）μV2，P <0.01；β wave:（7911±4.16）μV2 vs（0.01±0.01）μV2，P<0.01；γ wave:（0.30±0.12）μV2 vs（0.00±0.00）μV2，P <0.01. With the extension of time after operation, the difference of these characteristics between control group and ischemia group has been reduced gradually (P <0.01). However, these characteristics cannot reach the normal. This indicates that SEP can be used to evaluate the function of cerebral cortex in rats with cerebral ischemia in a certain extent. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 297-305 [Abstract] ( 249 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2502 KB)  ( 397 ) 306 The Association between Depth Information of 3D Movie and Viewer Fatigue JIN Shuai     XING LiDong*      QIAN ZhiYu      WANG Xiao      LI ZhongQiang  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.07 In this work, 10 healthy male volunteers were required to watch 5 film clips with different depth information. Their EEG data of preand postwatching were collected for figuring out the impact of depth information of 3D films on audiences’ visual fatigue. By calculating the power of each frequency band spectrum, the change of fatigue factor R=(Pα+Pθ)/Pβ was obtained. Additionally we designed questionnaires to evaluate the volunteers’ degree of visual fatigue qualitatively. The relationship amid depth information, Rvalue and subjective fatigue feeling emerged from the questionnaire was analyzed statistically. Experimental results showed that after watching 3D films with different depth information, all volunteers reported eyes appearing heavy, soreness, tingling and other symptoms of fatigue or other discomforts. Fatigue factors collected from 14 independent leads increase accordingly, especially in lead F4, C4, F7. Our conclusions are following: (1) A close correlation between depth information and audiences’ fatigue exists, the greater the average depth information and its standard deviation, the more prone to tired; (2) The crossed disparity is more prone to cause fatigue than uncrossed disparity at the same depth information. (3) The fatigue factor Rvalue and subjective fatigue questionnaire can be used as a point of reference for the 3D movie fatigue assessment. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 306-312 [Abstract] ( 320 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1656 KB)  ( 515 ) 313 An Improved BackProjection Algorithm of Magnetic Induction Tomography with Uniform Magnetic Excitation LIU Li1LI Qian2HE Wei2* XU Zheng2 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.08 This paper describes an improved backprojection algorithm of magnetic induction tomography with uniform magnetic excitation. According to BiotSavart law and the distribution of the sensitivity, a new algorithm with mixed weight was proposed to correct backprojection algorithm. Considering the sensitivity of zero point as the dividing point, this algorithm used different weighting coefficients which were separated by the dividing point. According to the simulation experiment of sensitivity distribution, when the distance r from detection coil to the meshing element of imaging area was 006 m, the sensitivity value was zreo, and the position of this meshing element was marked P0. When the distance r from detection coil to meshing element was less than 0.06 m, the weighted coefficient was r2; otherwise, the weighting coefficients were the square of the distance r0 from the detection coil to P0 point. The experimental results of different positions of foreign body showed that the back projection algorithm with mixed weight well reflected the size of the target object. When the foreign object was located in the center and 0.015 m offcenter, the algorithm accurately reflected the position. However, when foreign object were 0.03 m off center, the location from the reconstructed image was more offcenter than that of the actual model. The experimental results of different size of foreign body revealed that the reconstructed image of smaller diameter of the foreign object could accurately reflect the size of the foreign object, while that of larger diameter could not. The improved back projection algorithm can eliminate a wide range of smearing image errors caused by the conventional backprojection algorithm to a certain extent, and can also locate the foreign object more accurately. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is of significance in the study of magnetic induction image. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 313-319 [Abstract] ( 247 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2801 KB)  ( 392 ) 320 Simulation on 3D Flow Characteristics inside Bronchia of NonHeart Beating Donor Lung LIU Jing1,2 XU Yi1#* LIU Dao Ping2      ZHAO XiaoGang3 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.09 Nonheart beating donor (NHBD) lung is expected to be the most potential donor source for clinical lung transplantation, and the low temperature ventilation is normally thought to effectively protect the donor lung in vivo. A 3D asymmetric bronchial model with four levels was formed in this work; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique was adopted for investigating the 3D flow characteristics inside NHBD lung bronchia. Results show that there were some differences of dimensionless velocity distribution between inhaling and exhaling, the velocity distribution was also different on the left lung bronchus and the right lung bronchus sections. In particular, the dimensionless velocity of left lobar bronchus was 17 but the right upper lobar was 08. The flow ratios of left and right bronchia were 55% and 45%, respectively. The flow ratio of left inferior lobar bronchus was the largest one, about 35%. This is related to bifurcation angles and diameters changing with varied levels. The average pressure drop coefficients inside bronchia were also obtained here, which was the function of Re as 〖AKC-〗p〗∝Re－06. Because of the existence of asymmetric structure of bronchial and bifurcation space rotation angle, the gas flow in the bronchus became complicated, which is valuable for clinical and experimental study on NHBD lung in situ through cryopreservation. 〖KH2D〗 〖WTHZ〗Key words：〖WTBZ〗〖BP(〗┣┣（英）关键词┫┫〖BP)〗〖HT〗〖ST〗〖WT〗〖HJ〗〖HK〗 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 320-328 [Abstract] ( 186 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3909 KB)  ( 327 ) 329 Pilot Scale Production and Identification of Plasmodium Falciparum Multiepitope Random Constructed Vaccine M.RCAg-1 LIU Xin1      WEI XinGui2    GAO Yu\|Hui1      WANG Heng1* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.010 The aim of this work is to produce Plasmodium falciparum multiepitope random constructed vaccine M.RCAg-1 efficiently in pilot scale and identify its immunogenicity. M.RCAg-1 producing E.coli was fermented in 20 L culture. After the fermentation products were homogenized by high pressure, the obtained bacteria lysate was purified by Ni FF affinity chromatography and G200 HP gel filtration chromatography. Fifteen BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups (the group of Freund’s adjuvant, the group of pilotscale M.RCAg-1 combined with Freund’s adjuvant and the group of labscale M.RCAg1 combined with Freund’s adjuvant) and injected subcutaneously. The serum of these mice was collected after third immunization to analyze the specific serum antibody by indirect ELISA and indirect immunofluoreseence assay (IFA) technology. Fermentation process was finished after 4 h induced by IPTG. The collected wet cell yield was 25 g/L, and the expression level of M.RCAg-1 was about 24%. After twostep purification, the final M.RCAg-1 was over 95% in purity，the yield was 53.2%．Compared with the control group, both the pilotscale and labscale M.RCAg-1 induced high level antibody response in mice and the antibody titter was 1∶1 024 000.At the same time, serum antibody of the two experimental groups recognized the natural antigen of Plasmodium falciparum very well and there was no difference of recognition between the two groups(P>0.05). With the successful production of Plasmodium falciparum multiepitope random constructed vaccine M.RCAg-1 efficiently in pilot scale and the confirmation of its good immunogenicity in mouse model, this study provids the foundation for preclinic study of M.RCAg-1. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 329-334 [Abstract] ( 197 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1799 KB)  ( 439 ) 335 Study on Preparation and Properties of Immune Adsorbent for Rheumatoid Factorremoval in Hemoperfusion MAO Jin Chun1       WANG Xiang1*ZHANG Rong Hua2*JIN Xin Xin1       TANG Fu Zhou1XI DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.011 In this work we prepared an adsorbent (PS-PHE) aiming to remove rheumatoid factors and studied its performance. In the PSPHE, the chloromethyl resin acted as carrier grafting with the linker of heparin, to which phenylalanine was connected. The adsorption rate of adsorbent was investigated by in vitro RF dynamic perfusion. We conducted in vitro elution experiment to measure the abscission rate of RF. Selectivity of adsorbent was evaluated by blood components before and after perfusion. The prothrombin time (PTs) and thrombin time (TTs) detection in vitro verify the blood compatibility of adsorbent. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in less than two hours, and 90% of the maximum adsorption capacity was reached only under 1 hour, while the adsorption rate of IgA RF, IgG RF and IgM RF in serum was 45.21%±1.80%、56.02%±1.36%、52.40%±2.01% (n=5). After elution, the abscission rate of IgA RF, IgG RF and IgM RF was 22.10%±1.65%、19.23%±1.06%、21.31%±1.35% (n=5). After perfusion experiment, the variation rates of albumen and red blood cell were both less than 10%. The detection results of PTs and TTs showed PS-PHE delayed the coagulation rate. In conclusion, PS-PHE has higher absorption rate to RF and good blood compatibility, showing good application prospects. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 335-342 [Abstract] ( 177 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2600 KB)  ( 370 ) 343 Tissue Engineered Bone Constructed by Sintered Bone with Surface Mineralization Modification/BMP-2-Related Peptide and MC3T3-E1 Cells LI Jing Feng1*ZHENG Qi Xin2     CHEN Liao Bin1    GUO Xiao Dong2    ZOU Zhen Wei2    DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.012 The aim of this study is to investigate the osteogenesis of tissue engineered bone constructed by sintered bone with surface mineralization modification/BMP2related peptide (P24) composite with MC3T3-E1 cells in vivo. The biomaterials were divided into three groups: Group A (sintered bone with surface mineralization modification / P24 composite); Group B (sintered bone with surface mineralization modification) and Group C (sintered bone). The MC3T3-E1 cells were induced by osteogenic medium and then seeded into the three materials. The cellmaterial samples were observed by inverted microscopy and environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups with 6 in each group. The model of sacrospinalis myobag was established by implanting above material samples in the myobag on the two sides. Every three rabbits in the three groups were killed at the 4thand 8th week after implantation, and then the new bone was observed by histologically (HE) and the areas of new osseous tissues were measured. Results from the inverted microscopy and ESEM showed that cells were grown well on the surface of the three materials, and BMP2 related peptide of Group A was confirmed to improve the adhesion rate and proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells, and maintained the morphology of cells. At different postoperative time points, HE staining results showed new bone of Group A was significantly more than that of Group B and Group C, and that of Group B was significantly more than that of Group C. The areas of the new osseous tissue of group A, B, and C were (19 712.524±3 782.126) μm2,(28 227.617±2 455.375) μm2, and (11 648.507±1 047.221) μm2 at the 4thweek postsurgery, and (14 592.892±899.532）μm2, (7 986.655±903.487)μm2, and (11254.822±669.508) μm2 at 8th week postsurgery respectively. Sintered bone with surface mineralization modification / P24 composite is an ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering, which is expected to be applied to clinical studies. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 343-348 [Abstract] ( 176 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1949 KB)  ( 376 ) 349 Survey of SeeThrough Technique in ComputerAided Surgery ZHAO ZiJian1* WENG Ying2 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.013 The application of seethrough technique in computeraided surgery is a hot research topic at present. In this article, firstly, the concept of seethrough is introduced, and the necessity of its application in computeraided surgery is also emphasized. Secondly, the state of arts of seethrough technique is discussed systematically in computeraided surgery. Thirdly, the research contents of seethrough technique are summarized into three parts, including registration of medical imaging data, parameterestimation of seethrough model, and depth perception, which are all explained in details. Fourthly, two standard systems based on seethrough technique are addressed in this paper. Finally, through the analysis on technique, human factor and clinic applications, further research questions and possible directions in the future are proposed. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 349-357 [Abstract] ( 184 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2051 KB)  ( 405 ) 358 The Survey of Digital Evaluation of Advertising with Neuromarketing KONG Wan Zeng1,2* XU Si Jia1       Dai Guo Jun1,2 HU San Qing1 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.014 As the development of brain imaging technology, the neuromarketing has been widely studied and successfully used in terms of brand benefits, advertising/marketing, pricing strategies and product promotion. This paper reviewed the state of art of applications in advertising evaluation with neuromarketing in recent years. It also introduced the principles and methods which applied in neuromarketing with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), their pros and cons were further discussed. Finally, the existing questioning of their effectiveness and the ethical controversy were reviewed and summarized, also the future direction of neuromarketing was prospected. 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 358-365 [Abstract] ( 167 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2171 KB)  ( 516 ) 366 Study on Scaled Decomposition of Surface EMG Based on Prior Templates LUO Wan Guo1     HOU Wen Sheng1,2#ZHENG Xiao Lin1,2# WAN Xiao Ping1      CHEN Hai Yan2ZHOU Ping DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.015 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 366-372 [Abstract] ( 271 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2735 KB)  ( 361 ) 373 The Calculation Method of Overlap Volume Histogram and its Usage in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma IMRT Plans Retrieval WANG DongDong1      ZHOU ZhengDong1#*SONG Wei2      LI Bing3     SHEN JunShu3 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.016 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 373-378 [Abstract] ( 237 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2466 KB)  ( 498 ) 379 Suppressing Pathological Tremor on Wrist Joint Using Functional Electrical Stimulation: Simulation and Experiment YAO Peng1ZHANG DingGuo1*LIU JianRong2 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2014.03.017 2014 Vol. 33 (3): 379-384 [Abstract] ( 160 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2366 KB)  ( 469 )

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