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2021 Vol. 40, No. 5 Published: 2021-10-20

Reviews Communications Regular Papers

Regular Papers

	513	Preoperative Evaluation of Pituitary Macroadenomas Consistency Using Radiomic Features from Multi-Parametric MRI
		Wan Tao, Zhao Hui, Li Deyu, Ma Jun, Wu Chunxue, Meng Ming, Qin Zengchang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.001
		In order to explore the application value of image characteristics from multi-parameter magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) in evaluating pituitary macroadenoma consistency, this paper presented a radiomics based computer-aided diagnosis method to accurately determine tumor consistency, thus providing an appropriate surgical approach. In this method, 6 types of texture features, a total number of 296, were extracted from tumor regions of MRIs (T1-weighted, T1-weighted contrast enhanced, T2-weighted). A feature selection method was adopted to identify important radiomic features. Two classifiers of support vector machine and random forest were utilized to distinguish soft and hard pituitary macroadenomas. The training, 10-fold cross validation and testing were performed on a total of 252 MRI images in 84 clinical studies. The experiment results showed that the feature combination of MP-MRI achieved better classification performance compared with single MRI protocol with classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve of 89.80%, 90.51%, 89.88% and 94.08%, respectively. These suggested that MP-MRI features could effectively and accurately discriminate the soft from hard pituitary macroadenomas, which could be useful in improving the efficacy and prognosis of pituitary macroadenomas.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 513-520 [Abstract] ( 429 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (3910 KB) ( 313 )

	521	A Study on the Robustness of Brain Functional Connectivity Model in Machine Learning Classification ——Taking the Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Localize Paroxysmal Side in TLE as Example
		Yang Zekun, Ge Manling, Fu Xiaoxuan, Chen Shenghua, Zhang Fuyi, Guo Zhitong, Zhang Zhiqiang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.02
		Currently, machine learning has promoted the application of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rfMRI) in epilepsy, where the functional connectivity model of Pearson correlation (FC) has been widely applied as a traditional imaging algorithm. However, the classification stability of functional connectivity model is rarely studied in the machine learning. To address this issue, a FC-based index model specific to the healthy people was proposed in this work, the classification stability was studied by a random cross validation in the supervised machine learning models, and compared to the results of FC, aiming to provide a new algorithm in extracting FC features input into machine learning. The rfMRI data of a total of twenty patients of medial temporal lobe epilepsy with a positive indicator of hippocampus on structure MRI (equally involved in a group of left side and a group of right side), and a total of 142 healthy people from a connectome including Southwest Adult Lifespan Dataset (SALD) in the same age group were collected. A rfMRI FC-based index model was built up, specific to the healthy people, referred as FC-based specificity index model. Thus, every FC of each brain area in an individual patient could be scored, and the brain areas sensitive to paroxysmal side could be extracted by the ROC curve. The sensitivity analysis curve was taken as the functional bio-markers, whose indexes were assigned as the feature vectors to input into the supervised machine learning models such as probabilistic neural network (PNN) and support vector machine (SVM) to classify paroxysmal side. Additionally, the classification stability was validated by a random cross validation (10 times), and the linear correlation of feature vectors between sensitive brain areas and between patients were estimated to evaluate their interdependence, aiming to find out the underlying cause to affect the classification stability. Finally, the same procedures as above were fulfilled by the FC model instead of FC-based specificity index model, and the classification stability was compared. The AUC of the feature vector of FC was 0.76, and the feature vector of specificity index was 0.84. The classification sensitivity of the FC-based specificity index model was higher than that of FC. In addition, the classification accuracy of FC fluctuated strongly between 25%~100%, the variance was as high as 25.99%, and the average correlation coefficient of the feature vector was 0.67, which had a strong correlation; while the accuracy of the exponential model was stable at 75%~100%. The variance was as low as 7.10%, and the average correlation coefficient of the feature vector was 0.28, which was relatively small. When paroxysmal side of medial temporal lobe epilepsy was subjected to the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the machine learning, the proposed FC-based specificity index model performed robustly, much better than the traditional FC model such as Pearson correlation, and the larger correlation between the feature vectors formed by the traditional FC model might be the main cause that led to the low classification stability.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 521-530 [Abstract] ( 264 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (4683 KB) ( 297 )

	531	Anatomical Structure Segmentation of Human Auricular Cartilage MRI Images Based on 3D U-Net
		Sun Ruofan, Zhang Weiwei
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.03
		The method of costal cartilage carving is currently the clinical standard treatment of microtia, and auricular cartilage tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting are promising approaches. However, there has been a lack of automatic auricular cartilage segmentation based on medical images that is the crucial and fundamental issue of the treatments. In this study, an improved network based on 3D U-Net was proposed to automatically segment the anatomical structures of human auricular cartilage on MRI images. The proposed network combined the residual structure and multi-scale fusion design to reduce the number of network parameters and achieved an accurate segmentation of 12 auricular cartilage anatomical structures. Firstly, the Ultra-short Echo Time (UTE) sequence was applied to collect MRI images of the unilateral external auricular of 40 volunteers; secondly, manual segmentation of both auricular cartilage and multiple anatomical structures were performed on the preprocessed images of each volunteer; next, the images were divided into the training dataset of 32 images, the validation dataset of 4 images, and the testing dataset of 4 images to train the improved 3D U-Net model; finally, the 3D fully connected conditional random field was used to post-process the output of the proposed network. Ten-fold cross-validation was performed on the model, and the averaged Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95) of the automatic segmentation results of the 12 structures were 0.818 and 1.917, respectively. Compared with the basic 3D U-Net model, DSC was increased by 6.0% and HD95 was decreased by 3.186. Especially, the DSC of the key structure, helix and the antihelix, were 0.907 and 0.901, respectively. The experimental results showed that the segmentation results of the proposed method were very close to the manual annotations by experts. In clinical applications, based on the UTE image of the unilateral or parental auricle, the proposed method can quickly and automatically generate a 3D personalized craving template for the scaffold reconstruction with autologous costochondral cartilage and provide high-quality printable model for tissue engineering or 3D bioprinting technology to construct the composite scaffold with detailed auricular cartilage shape.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 531-539 [Abstract] ( 277 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (2477 KB) ( 834 )

	540	Effects of Transcranial Magneto-Acoustic-Electrical Stimulation on Gamma Rhythm of Local Field Potentials during Working Memory Task of Rats
		Zhang Shuai, Dang Junwu, Jiao Lipeng, Wu Jiankang, Wang Yixiao, Xu Guizhi
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.04
		Transcranial magneto-acoustic-electrical stimulation (TMAES) is a new non-invasive neural regulation technique, which uses ultrasound and static magnetic field to generate an induction electric field to regulate the oscillating activities of the corresponding brain regions, thus affecting cognitive functions such as learning and memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TMAES on the oscillations of gamma rhythmic nerve during the working memory (WM) behavior experiment in rats. Twenty healthy adult Wistar rats were divided into control group and stimulation group. The stimulation group received TMAES of 0.05～0.15 T and 1.33～13.33 W/cm² for 10 days, while the control group didn′t accept any stimulations. The local field potentials (LFPs) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the two groups of rats were recorded during the T-maze working memory task, and the behavioral differences, time-frequency distribution of the local field potential and correlation of mutual information between the two groups of rats were compared and analyzed. The experimental results showed that the time required for the rats in the stimulation group to perform the working memory task to achieve the correct rate above 80% was (7.57±0.99) d, which was significantly less than (10.65±2.32) d in the control group (P<0.05). Before and after passing through the behavioral selection position, the energy density of gamma band of local field potential signal in 2.66～13.33 W/cm² group and 0.10～0.15 T group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The correlation between the 12 channel signals of the gamma band of rats in 6.65～13.33 W/cm² group and 0.10～0.15 T group was significantly stronger than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated that the transcranial magneto-acoustic-electrical stimulation could enhance the rhythmic oscillating activity of prefrontal cortex neurons in working memory of rats, which lays a foundation for exploring the mechanism of TMAES regulating brain memory function.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 540-549 [Abstract] ( 297 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (12240 KB) ( 157 )

	550	Study on Multi-Feature Fusion of EEG to Evaluate Children with Autism
		Zhao Jie, Jin Yajuan, Zhang Zhiming, Wan Lingyan, Li Xiaoli, Kang Jiannan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.05
		Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental brain disease, early detection and accurate diagnosis are very important. This paper extracted power spectrum, entropy, bispectral coherence, and coherence from the EEG signals of 54 autistic and 50 normal children for analysis and research and conducted independent sample t test for each group of characteristics to analyze the differences between the groups. To improve the classification performance, the fusion of multi-feature EEG was proposed for the analysis, and the maximum correlation minimum redundancy algorithm was further used for the feature selection, and at last the support vector machine was used to establish the classification model. Results showed that the classification accuracy rate obtained by single feature classification was 64%, the sensitivity was 68.25%, the specificity was 65.25%, and the F1 score was 69.19%. The single feature was established and showed poor performance. When fusing multiple features for classification, the first 25 features were selected to build a model that had a high classification accuracy of 93.45%, the sensitivity was 91.73%, the specificity was 84.01%, and the F1 score was 92.54%, and the AUC reached 0.96, which had better performance than the single feature classification model. The results of this study provided a scientific and objective basis for the auxiliary diagnosis of autism, as well as a reliable reference for the later rehabilitation of autistic children.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 550-558 [Abstract] ( 316 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1010 KB) ( 384 )

	559	Long-Term Electroencephalogram Signal in Hippocampus of Ratswith Delayed Encephalopathy Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
		Zhang Lingxing, Zhang Xiaoli, Zhang Yehong, Yu Yi, Gu Renjun, Gao Zhixian
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.06
		Delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP) is a common pathological change in hippocampus, but the pathological process and mechanism in this area during the false recovery period are still unclear. Therefore, this study monitored the long-term local field potential activity in hippocampus to explore the dynamic changes of electroencephalogram signals in this area during DEACMP false recovery. Thirty male SD rats were injected intraperitoneally to make ACMP rat model, electrodes were implanted into the right hippocampus of rats in batches 1～8 weeks after modeling, and local field potential signals of hippocampus of 4～5 rats were collected every week. Local field potential signals of hippocampus of 6 normal rats were used as reference standard before modeling, and the RMS value and energy ratio of α/β/θ/δ wave were extracted by wavelet packet decomposition. Compared with that of before modeling, the amplitude of α/β/θ/δ increased significantly in the early (1/2 week) and late (7/8 week) after modeling (P<0.05), and the root mean square values of four oscillation components showed a changing tendency of increasing first, then decreasing and then increasing from 1 to 8 weeks after modeling. Among them, the δ wave amplitude before modeling was (228±103) μV, and in the 1 and 2 weeks after modeling, it increased to (4 751±4 079) μV and (1 616±1 708) μV. At the 7 and 8 weeks after modeling, the value increased to(1 221±567) μV and (3 222±2 052) μV. The ratio of δ wave energy in the model group from 1 to 8 weeks increased significantly (P<0.05), among them, the δ wave energy proportion before modeling was 0.50±0.09, and increased to 0.62±0.14, 0.65±0.12, 0.77±0.13, 0.73±0.12, 0.59±0.11, 0.70±0.11, 0.71±0.11 and 0.89±0.08 after modeling 1～8 weeks, respectively. In the middle and late stage (5～8 weeks), the δ wave (α wave) gradually increased (decreased) with the progression of the disease (P<0.05). Before modeling the α wave energy ratio was 0.10±0.04, and after modeling (5～8 weeks) it decreased to 0.08±0.02, 0.06±0.03, 0.05±0.02 and 0.01±0.01, respectively. The RMS values of the four kinds of electroencephalogram oscillations in the hippocampus of rats generally increased the risk of DEACMP in the early stage of carbon monoxide poisoning. After poisoning, the energy proportion of δ wave increased significantly throughout the poisoning, and the energy proportion of δ wave and α wave changed unidirectional in the middle and later stages of poisoning. The study provided a new method for the quantitative prediction and evaluation of DEACMP.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 559-566 [Abstract] ( 240 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (4550 KB) ( 178 )

	567	The Regulatory Mechanism of Pinching Force Based on Vibration Feedback
		Wang Ziwen, Li Ke
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.07
		In order to design a feedback channel conforming to the body's own control system and sensing ability, this paper applied tactile reproduction technology, took pinching force as the perception information and vibration stimulation as the feedback information of non-pattern matching, and finally built a force-haptic perception feedback system. On this basis, the ability to control the pinching force with feedback and without feedback was assessed in 16 healthy subjects. Meanwhile, the pinching force was detected and analyzed in sections through “steady force”, “boundary proximity ratio” and “upper/lower limit relative deviation” etc. The results of three force levels, 0~10 N, 10~20 N and 20~30 N, all showed that there were significant differences in “t_achieve” between the tests with and without feedback (P<0.01), which demonstrated the effectiveness of the vibration feedback device. Additionally, the median value of “boundary proximity ratio” was always lower than 0.01, indicating that people were likely to complete the experiment requirement with less force. Through the analysis of stable period andadjustive period, a similar dependent mechanism was presented that the pinch relied on the human feedforward control at low force level, while the feedback control mainly played a regulatory role at high force level.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 567-573 [Abstract] ( 220 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (4528 KB) ( 350 )

	574	EEG Beta Rhythm Ratio Analysis for Action Video Game Players with Different Game Levels
		Liu Xiaobo, Zhao Lingling, Li Yi, Gong Diankun, Yao Dezhong, Dong Li
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.08
		Action video games (AVGs) have become one of the most prominent entertainment in contemporary life. Recently, many studies have shown that the action video games have important impacts on player′s cognitive functions such as attention, which is related to EEG beta rhythm. However, traditional EEG rhythm analysis is based on the average of power strength across temporal segments, which may be difficult to continuously assess the potential effects of AVG levels on brain function. Therefore, based on machine learning, we proposed a new EEG rhythm ratio analysis method. This study included 232 healthy League of Legends male players, and the game levels were divided into level 1 to level 5 (from low to high, corresponding to 27, 74, 77, 34 and 20 subjects) according to the expertise ranking. The game state and resting state EEG for each subject were both recorded. The proposed rhythm ratio analysis contained following steps: 1) difference values of beta rhythm power between game state and resting state were calculated and used as features; 2) all features of data segments for each subject would be relabeled using the support vector machine with radial basis function kernel (high-level/low-level beta pattern), while the training datasets were level 1 and level 5 groups (others were test dataset), and the ratios of predicted high-level beta patterns were obtained for each subject; and 3) finally, the effect of game level on the ratio of high-level beta patterns was assessed using one-way ANOVA, and Pearson′s correlation between game performance score and the ratio of high-level beta patterns was investigated. The results of one-way ANOVA depicted that there were significant differences among the different game level groups (P<0.05, F=17.40), and the ratio of high-level beta patterns was increasing with the increase of game level. There were also significant differences among the different game level groups using ratio analysis based on clustering (P<0.05,F=6.57) and linear discriminant (P<0.05,F=14.84) methods. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the game performance score and the ratio of high-level beta patterns (P<0.05, r=0.22). It is implied that the potential effects of action video game on brain function, such as attention, could be assessed by the proposed method. The results may provide a new sight to improve our understanding about brain plasticity related to AVGs.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 574-581 [Abstract] ( 268 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (5067 KB) ( 227 )

	582	Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Hepatic Sinusoid Endothelial Cells Damage and the Mechanism Research
		Zhang Xue, Kong Fei, Wen Tao, Zhang Yu, Meng Jie, Xu Haiyan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.09
		This work is aimed to investigate the effect of dimercaptosuccinic acid-magnetite nanoparticles (DMSA-Fe₃O₄) on hepatic sinusoid endothelial cells (HHSECs) in vitro and in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were applied to characterize the particle size and surface property. Real-time cellular analysis assay, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR) and Prussian blue staining were applied to analyze the effect of DMSA-Fe₃O₄ to HHSECs with the concentration from 0 to 200 μg/mL. DMSA-Fe₃O₄ with the dose of 1 mg/kg was injected into mice through the tail vein to analyze liver damage. For cell experiments, n=3; For animal experiments, n=4. HHSECs engulfed DMSA-Fe₃O₄in a dose and time dependent manner, with cell viability decreasing to 37.3% of that for control group. DMSA-Fe₃O₄ engulfment increased the intracellular ROS of HHSECs to 1.41 folds. The expression of HO-1 of the cells was significantly increased to 20.8 folds of the control group, the expression of HIF-1α was increased to 2.01 folds of the control group,the expression of VEGF was increased to 4.2 folds of the control group. DMSA-Fe₃O₄were observed to accumulate in endothelial and Kupffer cells and induced liver damage on the 2nd day after the fourth injection. The amount of DMSA-Fe₃O₄ in the liver decreased significantly on day 158 and the hepatic damage was recovered. The DMSA-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was up-taken by HHSECs and induced cell oxidation related injury.In conclusion, multiple intravenous administrations of DMSA-Fe₃O₄ induced nanoparticle accumulation in the liver and its injury, which was recovered as DMSA-Fe₃O₄ being expelled from the liver over time.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 582-589 [Abstract] ( 242 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (12534 KB) ( 164 )

	590	Ultra-Rapid Fabrication of Dynamic-Crosslinked Injectable Chitosan-Hyaluronate Hydrogel for Wound Healing
		Wu Yidong, Hong Dan, Hao Wenjuan, Ye Dong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.10
		The development of injectable dynamic hydrogels has been one hot issue in recent years, and the preparation of catalyst-free fast-crosslinked injectable dynamic hydrogels is still one big challenge. In this paper, reversible dynamic Schiff base bonds and electrostatic interactions, formed by amine groups on methylacrylated chitosan (CHMA) molecules with aldehyde groups and carboxyl groups on Aldehyde hyaluronic acid (ALHA) molecules respectively, were utilized to prepare a novel catalyst-free hydrogel. The gelation rate, shear thinning behavior and self-healing characteristics of the hydrogel were characterized by dynamic rheological analyzer, the cytocompatibility was evaluated by the cell three-dimensional culture experiment, and the wound healing rate was evaluated through the acute full-thickness skin wound repair experiment. Results showed that the hydrogel quickly formed in 5 seconds the aqueous solution of CHMA and ALHA were mixed. In addition, the hydrogel was an injectable one with shear thinning and rapid self-healing. The complex viscosity gradually decreased from 0.4 kPa to 8 Pa, when the scanning frequency increased from 10^-1 s^-1 to 10² s^-1. Meanwhile, the values order of its storage modulus and loss modulus switched quickly between 1% and 1000% of the strain, yet the modulus had no significant decrease. The hydrogel also exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and fast wound healing rate, evidenced by the high cell survival rate (>95%) in the 3D culture of cells, and a reduction in the wound healing time of 5-7 days in the hydrogel group compared to the blank control based on a model of acute full-thickness skin defect in male ICR mice. The injectable chitosan-hyaluronate hydrogel showed broad application perspectives in the fields of regenerative medicine.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 590-596 [Abstract] ( 474 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (4718 KB) ( 563 )

Reviews

	597	A Review on the Development of Subjective Evaluation of Visual Fatigue
		Feng Yong, Zhu Shufeng, Chen Fei
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.11
		Visual fatigue is very common in the contemporary life, which not only reduces our visual efficiency, but may also cause diseases of eyes, head, neck or shoulders, as well as psychological problems. Therefore, the measurement of visual fatigue has always been an important part of research in visual ergonomics and clinical ophthalmology. In order to break through the bottleneck problems of standards, reliability and consuming time in the subjective measurement of visual fatigue, this paper first reviewed massive studies on this topic in the past 30 years, dividing subjective measures into three categories: the classic, professional and new types of scales according to the design and parameter characteristics, followed by the introduction of the current statuses. Then, the features as well as advantages and disadvantages of the mainstream scales were discussed in depth, with emphasis on the bottleneck problems. Detailed and specific suggestions as well as some exploratory proposals on further development were proposed, such as integrating objective parameters, intelligent adaptation for items, visual scene expansions and system integration. At last, some trends and new directions for the research on subjective measurement of visual fatigue were envisaged for future.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 597-607 [Abstract] ( 392 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1046 KB) ( 1313 )

	608	Heat Generation Mechanism of Magnetic Nanoparticles and their Applications in Tumor Thermotherapy
		Xie Liqin, Zuo Xirui, Zhang Nan, Chen Hongli, Zhang Qiqing
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.12
		Magnetic hyperthermia is a new non-invasive tumor therapy following radiotherapy and chemotherapy, in which, magnetic nanoparticles were targeted delivered to the lesion sites under the applied magnetic fields and generated heat rapidly in the alternating magnetic fields. Magnetic hyperthermia made the protein denaturation, DNA damage or immune system activation in tumor microenvironment, which killed tumor cells safely and effectively in a short time. This paper reviewed the heat generation mechanisms of magnetic nanoparticles, the interactions of magnetic nanoparticles and cells in tumor therapy progress, and the synergistic effects between magnetic hyperthermia and other tumor therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immune therapy. The biosafety of magnetic nanomaterials was also discussed from the aspects of cytotoxicity and clinical side effects.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 608-619 [Abstract] ( 456 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (10097 KB) ( 273 )

	620	Research Advancements of Coatings of Titanium Implants in Promoting Osseointegration and Preventing Infection
		Lu Xiaoxuan, Zhang Lulu, Yang Xi, Chen Jialong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.13
		Titanium and its alloys are often used as orthopedic implant materials because of their stable chemical properties and good human affinity. However, untreated titanium implants are prone to poor osseointegration and infection, resulting in implantation failure. In recent years, the aging of population has led to an increase in the use of implant materials, and there is an urgent need for better titanium surface modification methods to reduce the implant failure rate. The ideal orthopedic implant should have both osteogenic and antibacterial properties. However, a large number of surface modification strategies only solve one of the problems, resulting in unexpected results. Therefore, the implant material coating needs to possess both two properties or find a balance between them. This review summarized the latest strategies to solve the problem of aseptic loosening or infection of titanium implants in recent years, such as surface morphology improvement, biomolecule coatings, antimicrobial loading, photothermal therapy and so on. Then, we further introduced the research progress of solving these two problems at the same time through two-factor integration and three-factor integration.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 620-627 [Abstract] ( 466 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (3890 KB) ( 465 )

	628	Research Progress of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel on Facilitating Tissue Regeneration
		Jiang Yongsheng, Li Rui, Han Chunchan, Huang Lijiang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.14
		Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels derived from natural tissues and organs are generally removing cellular components while leaving the native ECM composition and structure via combining physical, chemical and enzymatic approaches to obtain polymeric biomaterials that possess the capability for creating a superior microenvironment for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Recently, the application of ECM hydrogel for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has gained increasing attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and tissue regeneration ability. The present review firstly introduced the basic characteristics and material properties of these ECM hydrogels, the content included their internal composition and structure, tissue specificity and potential immune rejection. Following contents focused on the application of the hydrogels in tissue engineering from three aspects, including the cell culture investigation, preclinical research and clinical translation in disease models. Finally, further advantages of utilizing ECM hydrogels on tissue regeneration and their shortcomings were discussed. In conclusion, as a naturally derived proteinaceous biomaterial, ECM hydrogel holds a bright prospect for constructing engineered tissue and repairing tissue defects.
		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 628-635 [Abstract] ( 603 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (838 KB) ( 771 )

Communications

	636	Durability Testing and Evaluation of Novel Dry Tissue Bioprosthetic Valves
		Liu Li, Wan Chenjie, Wang Shuo, Li Chongchon, Ke Linnan, Wang Chunren
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2021.05.15

		2021 Vol. 40 (5): 636-639 [Abstract] ( 253 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (3092 KB) ( 333 )

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