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2018 Vol. 37, No. 5 Published: 2018-10-20

Reviews Communications Regular Papers Invited Review

Invited Review

	513	Research Progress of Radiomics and its Application in Clinical of Colorectal Cancer
		Wei Wei,Liu Zhenyu,Wang Shuo,Tian Jie
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.001
		Medical images contain a great deal of information that cannot be recognized by the human eye. It may not only fully express the heterogeneity of the tumor, but also reflect important information such as prognosis information of patients. In recent years, with the development of image processing and artificial intelligence technology, the application of medical image big data analysis method to assist doctors to make decisions or to solve the thorny problems in clinical practice has become a research hotspot. This emerging field is called “radiomics”. On the other hand, colorectal cancer is one of the most common and fatal cancer species in China. The number of patients and deaths has increased year by year. There are many hot research questions in the three different stages of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. In this paper, we introduced the basic principle and technology of the radiomics. Taking the research of radiomics in colorectal cancer as an example, the following different clinical questions of each stage, including diagnose the status of pathological complete remission after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the decision of operation plan and the survival analysis after operation, were introduced respectively.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 513-520 [Abstract] ( 774 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1329 KB) ( 852 )

Regular Papers

	521	Placental Maturity Grading via Hybrid Descriptors and Fisher Vector
		Jiang Feng,Ni Dong,Chen Siping,Yao Yuan,Wang Tianfu,Lei Baiying
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.002
		Placental maturity grading (PMG) is very essential to assess fetal growth and maternal health. However, PMG has mostly relied on the clinician’s subjective judgment, which is time-consuming and subjective. A dditionally it may cause wrong estimation because of redundancy and repeatability of the process. Traditional machine learning-based methods capitalize on handcrafted features, but such features may be essentially insufficient for PMG. In order to tackle it, we proposed an automatic method to stage placental maturity via deep hybrid descriptors extracted from B-mode ultrasound (BUS) and color Doppler energy (CDE) images. Specifically, convolutional descriptors extracted from a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and hand-crafted features were combined to form hybrid descriptors to boost the performance of the proposed method. Firstly, different models with various feature layers were combined to obtain hybrid descriptors from images. Meanwhile, the transfer learning strategy was utilized to enhance the grading performance based on the deep representation features. Then, extracted descriptors were encoded by Fisher vector (FV). Finally, we used support vector machine (SVM) as the classifier to grade placental maturity. We used placental data labeled by doctors to test models. The accuracy of the model with hybrid descriptors based on the 19-layer network was 94.15%, which was 3.01% higher than that of the model with hand-crafted features and 7.35% higher than the CNN feature model. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method could be applied to the automatic PMG effectively.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 521-528 [Abstract] ( 396 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (13929 KB) ( 120 )

	529	Method of US-CT Fusion Based on Electromagnetic Positioning
		Guo Chu,Liu Da,Wu Wenbo,Song Ling,Zhang Sai
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.003
		In order to integrate multimodal images information to overcome the inadequacy of single ultrasonic image in ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventional therapy, we proposed a kind of fusion method of real-time ultrasonic image and CT image, aiming to get multimodal images information of patients′ lesions in the interventional therapy. First of all, obtained the magnetic field coordinates and CT image coordinates of 12 lead balls by using the electromagnetic positioning system to register the magnetic coordinate system to the CT image coordinate system by means ofiterative closest point (ICP) algorithm for two point sets. Secondly, electromagnetic positioning system was used to register the coordinate system of the electromagnetic sensor that was attached to the ultrasonic probe to the magnetic coordinate system. Then, using mechanical sizes of the ultrasonic probe to register the ultrasonic coordinate system to the coordinate system of the electromagnetic sensor. At last, through multiple coordinate system transformation between the ultrasonic coordinate system and the CT image coordinate system, real-time ultrasonic image was integrated to the CT image, and the fusion errors were measured in the software. In this method, the fusion error of real-time ultrasonic image and CT image was 0.71±0.03 mm, and the real-time fusion of the two kinds of images can be clearly seen in the software. In conclusion, this method can effectively integrate real-time ultrasonic image to CT image and provide technical support for the precision of interventional therapy.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 529-536 [Abstract] ( 477 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (18629 KB) ( 248 )

	537	Application of Heart Sound Feature in the Typing Aided Diagnosis of Chronic Heart Failure
		Sun Wei,Guo Xingming,Zheng Yineng
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.004
		This article aimed to analyze the relationship between heart sound features extracted from time domain and time-frequency domain in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The heart sound signal lasting 20 minutes was recorded totally from the HFrEF patients(n=72)and HFpEF patients(n=172), the time ratio of the first to second heart sound(TS1/TS2), the amplitude ratio of the first to second heart sound(S1/S2), standard deviation of the ratio of diastolic to systolic duration(SDDS) and standard deviation of S1and S1interval (SDDSI) were extracted. Then S transformation was performed on the heart sound signal to analyze its characteristics in time-frequency domain, and the energy ratio of the first to second heart sound(ES1/ES2), the energy fraction of heart sound signal with low frequency(EF-LF), the energy fraction of heart sound signal with high frequency(EF-HF), the energy fraction of heart sound signal with low and high frequency in cardiac systole respectively(EF-SLF,EF-SHF), the energy fraction of heart sound signal with low and high frequency in cardiac diastole respectively(EF-DLF,EF-DHF) were extracted as well. Statistical results demonstrated that significant difference exited forTS1/TS2,S1/S2,SDDS,SDSSI,ES1/ES2,EF-SLF, and EF-DLF between two groups(P<0.05), while EF-LF,EF-HF,EF-SHF,and EF-DHF had no statisticcal significance(P>0.05). ISODATA was performed with four relatively independent features, the sensitivity and specificity for discriminating HFrEF patients and HFpEF patients reached 93.06% and 84.88% respectively. The features extracted from heart sound signal described the significant difference between two groups, which provided the basis of aided typing diagnosis for chronic heart failure.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 537-544 [Abstract] ( 319 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1868 KB) ( 399 )

	545	A Novel Neighboring Collaborative Representation Classification Algorithm for Recognizing WBAN-Based Activity Pattern
		Wu Jianning,Ling Yun, Wang Jiajing ,Lin Yingjie
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.005
		This paper proposed a novel neighboring robust collaborative representation algorithm for wireless body area networks (WBANs)-based activity classification. Based on the similarity of multi-sensor action data structure, our proposed technique found out a few neighboring classes and samples associated with test sample according to the nearest neighbor principle. This allowed to construct the new training set for collaboratively representing action patterns. And then, the augmented lagrange multiplier algorithm was adopted to solve the representation coefficients and representation residuals of test sample, in order to significantly improve the classification performance. The multi-sensor action data are selected from an open wearable action recognition database (WARD) of University of California, Berkeley, in order to validate the effectiveness of our proposed technique. The results showed that our proposed method could capture more valuable correlation information associated with human action. The best accuracy was increased by 2% and the running time only spends 6.5 s, which suggested that our proposed technique was obviously superior to the sparse representation-based action classification algorithms. It is very helpful to offer a new powerful tool for recognizing action pattern in clinical application.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 545-552 [Abstract] ( 335 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (995 KB) ( 359 )

	553	Fibrosis and Inflammatory Activity Analysis of Chronic Hepatitis C Based on Random Forest
		Cai Jiaxin,Qiu Xuan,Huang Zhili,Luo Ronglan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.006
		In order to predict the fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C, an auto-grading system based on two-stage random forest was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the feature importance of each serological index was obtained by learning the first stage random forest to evaluate its relevance to fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade. Secondly, the serological indices whose feature importance were above the predetermined threshold were chosen for the next classification step. Finally, the second stage random forest based on the chosen features was employed for determining the fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade. The proposed method has been tested on 123 clinical data of chronic hepatitis C based on serological indexes. Experimental results showed that the classification accuracy of fibrosis stage, fibrosis stage S4 and inflammatory activity grade are 68.29%, 100% and 73.17%. At last the most important serological indexes related to the fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity level ofchronic hepatitis C were determined as total cholesterol, HDL, ALT and AST. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method has the advantages of high recognition accuracy and low cost to get examination results and perform calculations, which makes it helpful for clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 553-559 [Abstract] ( 368 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1913 KB) ( 806 )

	560	Comparisons Between Molecular Features of Dilated and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Based on Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis
		Li Sang,Wang Guangbin,Li Zhengwen,Zeng Wei,Rao Nini
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.007
		With the development of molecular biology, the study on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) has been made much progress. However, the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of progression of DCM and RCM are not yet clear. In clinic, RCM is easy to be misdiagnosed as DCM. This paper firstly made the difference significant analysis of RNA-Seq data for the two kinds of myocardial diseases, from which 451 and 1326 differentially expressed genes related to DCM and RCM were selected respectively. Then, the DCM and RCM co-expression networks were respectively constructed using their differentially expressed genes and the key nodes genes of the two classes of myocardial diseases were found based on the network features. Next, we performed biological function analysis for 21 and 65 genetic markers related to DCM and RCM respectively, and illustrated some important development mechanisms of the two kinds of myocardial diseases. Finally, DCM and RCM were compared from the angles of genetic markers, biological functions and signal pathways, which provided some new ideas about distinguishing DCM from RCM at molecular level.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 560-567 [Abstract] ( 340 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1401 KB) ( 277 )

	568	Study on Micro-Invasive Electrode Applied to Bio-Tissue’s Electrical Properties Measuring In-Vivo
		Zhang Yan,Cao Shuang,Zhang Shunqi,Ma Ren,Yin Tao,Liu Zhipeng
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.008
		According to the principle of parallel plate capacitance method, the charge distribution of the electrode was calculated by the method of moment and a minimally invasive probe electrode was designed for in vivo measurement in this study. The volume of tissue gripped by the probe was only 0.8 mm³. The electric field distribution in the miniature electrode was simulated by the finite element method. It was proved that the minimally invasive electrode can effectively shield the edge effect. Nude mice were divided into 3 groups according to the time of tumor inoculation (7, 14, 21 d), 10 mice in each group. Within the frequency range of 0.5-5 MHz, the electrical impedance and impedance angles of the tumor tissue and normal tissue of mice were measured in vivo and in vitro, and the corresponding electrical properties (conductivity and permittivity) were calculated. The electrical properties of tumor tissue, muscle tissue and adipose tissue were measured in vivo at 1, 3 and 5 MHz. The results showed that the conductivity and permittivity of tumor in vivo increased with the tumor growth in the frequency range of 0.5-5 MHz. There are significant differences in electrical properties between in vivo and in vitro tumor. At the three frequencies measured, there are significant differences in electrical properties between tumor tissue, muscle tissue and adipose tissue. The designed minimally invasive electrode achieves the purpose of minimally invasive in vivo measurement.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 568-575 [Abstract] ( 322 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (2462 KB) ( 305 )

	576	Finite Element Analysis of Virtual Implantation of Coronary Overlapped Stent
		Pan Lianqiang, Wu Guanghui, Liu Yuqian, Shu Lixia, Lin Changyan,Cai Keqiang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.009
		In the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), overlapping stents are often used to treat diffuse coronary lesions. There are many clinical studies on overlapping stents, which provide the clinical effect and efficacy of the stents. However, the interactions between stents and stents, stents and blood vessels have not been demonstrated by direct observations. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of stent, vessel morphology and stress during stenting by analyzing the coronary stents with superimposed stents. A real diffuse lesion model of right coronary artery (RCA) was reconstructed by computed tomography angiography (CTA). The finite element method was used to simulate long-term implantation of overlapping resolute drug-eluting stent (DES). The overlap length was 3 mm. The entire procedure included the grasping and delivery of the stent, the placement of the distal stent and the proximal stent. During the virtual placement of the scaffold, the interaction between the stent and the stent, the stent and the blood vessel was analyzed by observing the changes of the stent and the vascular morphology and stress. The lumen cross-sectional area increased from the initial 1.4 mm² to 6.5 mm² after stenting, and the stenosis of blood vessels was well treated. In the stent overlap area, the distal stent located in the outer layer was more stressed than the proximal stent due to over-expansion. The stress of tube wall at overlap (0.64～0.81 MPa) was larger than that of non-overlap region (0.32-0.56 MPa). Over-dilatation of blood vessels in the overlap caused the lumen cross-sectional area not to be influenced by overlapping stent. The study shows that overlapping stents can make blood vessels unobstructed; and there were greater stress in the overlapping parts between the stent and vessel.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 576-583 [Abstract] ( 448 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (4696 KB) ( 389 )

	584	Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-Induced Oxidative Stress Involved with GSK-3β Caused Renal Cytotoxicity
		Lv Yinyin,Li Ke,Yi Wei,Liu Supeng,Zhou Jie
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.010
		The purpose of the research is to investigate the roles of oxidative stress and GSK-3β in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)-induced nephrotoxicity, and the potential protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The NRK-52E cells were exposed to 400 μg/mL MSNs, or were pre-treated with 1 μmol/L NAC followed by MSNs. After the treatments, the viability of NKR-52E cells was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The fluorescent probe JC-1 was used to determine the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m). The levels of GSK-3β related proteinswere measured by using western blot. And the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were detected to evaluate the antioxidant effects. After 24 h of exposure, MSNs produced severe cytotoxicity in the NRK-52E cells with an IC₅₀ value of (438.6±7.1) μg/mL. After treatment with 400 μg/mL MSNs for 24 h, the rate of NRK-52E cell viability was significantly decreased to 47.57%±2.03%, and the activities of SOD, GSH, CAT were respectively decreased to 39.74%±2.23%、51.42%±3.08%、46.05%±3.71% (P<0.001). 400 μg/mL MSNs also significantly activated the GSK-3β pathway and subsequently triggered cell death by depolarizing the ΔΨ_m, which opened the mitochondrial permeability transition pores, released cytochrome c (Cyt C) and, ultimately, activated caspase-3 (P<0.001). And the 400 μg/mL MSNs-induced significantly toxic injuries of NRK-52E cells could be attenuated by the pretreatment of NAC (P<0.01). MSNs induced renal cytotoxicity via oxidative stress, which was associated with up-regulation GSK-3β activation. NAC can attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction, enhance the antioxidative ability of renal cells and prevent oxidative stress injury induced by MSNs.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 584-592 [Abstract] ( 286 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (3544 KB) ( 413 )

Reviews

	593	Measurements of Wall Shear Stress for Blood Vessel and its Progress in Clinical Research
		Du Yigang,Liu Dejie,Shen Yingying,Zhu Lei,He Xujin,Chen Siping
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.011
		This paper summarized different methods for measuring wall shear stress (WSS) of the blood vessel. The methods include using PC-MRI (phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging), PC-MRI with CFD (computational fluid dynamics), CT (computed tomography), IVUS (intravascular ultrasound), conventional ultrasound, ultrasound vector flow imaging and UIV/PIV (ultrasound/particle image velocimetry) for measuring blood flow velocities and then calculate the WSS based on the measured velocities. An important parameter, blood viscosity,was presented in the paper for calculating WSS.The calculation of 3D vector WSS and WSS related clinical parameters were summarized and discussed. Clinical studies of WSS for carotid artery, aorta, coronary artery, brachial artery and femoral artery have been presented in the paper and 3 major concepts for WSS were summarized from references.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 593-605 [Abstract] ( 1314 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1207 KB) ( 1432 )

	606	Progress of Biological Combined Magneto-Photo-Acoustic Imaging Technologies
		Sun Zheng,Li Yunzhan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.012
		Ultrasound (US), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used medical imaging technologies in clinics. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and magneto-acoustic (MA) imaging are newly emerged hybrid functional imaging modalities. By the combination of complementary imaging technologies, multimodal imaging techniques can image the target with higher precision and resolution than single image method, accurately identify pathological tissue and analyze the functional components qualitatively and quantitatively. This paper reviewed the progress of combined US-PAT, US-OCT, PAT-OCT, US-PAT-OCT, magneto-photo and magneto-photo-acoustic (MPA) imaging techniques, especially multimodal intravascular imaging techniques. The technical difficulties were discussed and the future directions were forecast as well.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 606-615 [Abstract] ( 385 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (2052 KB) ( 483 )

	616	The Research Progress of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression
		Zhang Lixin,Guo Dongyue,Liu Shuang,Liu Xiaoya,Sheng Yue,Ming Dong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.013
		Depressive disorder is a mental disorder with significant and persistent depressed mood as its main clinical feature. It has become a serious public health problem due to high prevalence rate, high recurrence rate, high suicide rate and high disability rate. In addition to the commonly used methods of medicine, psychology and physics for the treatment of depression, the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which developed in recent years, has been widely concerned in physical therapy because of its advantages of convenient use, fewer side effects, no need for anesthesia and economy. As a non-invasive brain stimulation technology, tDCS can stimulate the prefrontal cortex to regulate the excitability of the cerebral cortex through the skull, thus achieving the goal of improving depressive symptoms. To date, many research using tDCS in the treatment of depression have confirmed that tDCS has significant antidepressant efficacy and can improve the cognitive status of depressed patients. It has become a promising new treatment of depression. This paper reviewed the application and research progress of tDCS in the treatment of depression from the therapeutic mechanism, efficacy, safety operation, problems, and future development.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 616-624 [Abstract] ( 593 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (873 KB) ( 1678 )

	625	Advances in the Study of Liver-on-Chips with Bionic Microfluidic
		Li Haidi, Chen Xiaoping
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.014
		One of the recent frontier hotspots in biomedical field is organ-on-chips with bionic microfluidic. The chips comprise of micro-tissues that mimic in vivo organs and are able to realize high-throughput detection, which have potential wide applications in the drug discovery and toxicity testing. The liver, a metabolic center of human body, is sensitive for chemicals poison and essential to evaluate the hepatotoxicity in toxicity testing. In recent years the advance in this field come out a great deal of results in liver-on-chips with bionic microfluidic. In this review, we provided an overview of the design concepts, micro-channel perfusion methods and cell culture systems. We also discussed the application prospects and the future trends of liver-on-chips.
		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 625-630 [Abstract] ( 405 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (792 KB) ( 603 )

Communications

	631	A Theoretically-Exact Back-Projection Filtered Algorithm for Coronary Angiograph Tomography
		Zheng Han,Kang Yan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.015

		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 631-635 [Abstract] ( 304 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (2677 KB) ( 277 )

	636	The Effect of Disease Course on Cognitive Function in Diabetics with Vascular Dementia
		Bao Shihua
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2018.05.016

		2018 Vol. 37 (5): 636-639 [Abstract] ( 279 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (730 KB) ( 188 )

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