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2016 Vol. 35, No. 4 Published: 2016-08-20

Papers Reviews Communications

Papers

	385	Cooperative Intelligent Robot Control Method Using Leg Surface EMG Signals
		Xu Chaoli, Lin Ke, Yang Chen, Wu Chaohua, Gao Xiaorong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.001
		As a significant aspect of human-computer interaction, gait recognition technology has a broad prospect in robot control area. A method for intelligent robot cooperative control system was proposed by using single leg surface EMG-based gait recognition technology. The system achieved the classification and recognition among four different gaits (moving forward, moving backward, turning left and turning right) by using mutual information based minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance (MRMR) algorithm, and built up a synchronous robot control system. Surface EMG (sEMG) signals were collected from 8 subjects to classify and recognize the gait, and then the recognition result was used to control the robot synchronous motion. The results of the experiment showed that the recognition accuracy of the system reached to 88%. Based on the proposed approach, a robot synchronous control system with good synchronous controlling performance and high controlling accuracy was built. In concusion, the leg EMG signal based robot cooperative control technology has the application potentials in the areas of civilian equipment control and human-computer interaction in the future.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 385-393 [Abstract] ( 343 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1127 KB) ( 505 )

	394	Clutter Removing Filter for Ultrasound Blood Flow Imaging Based on Low Rank Model
		Du Yigang, Zhang Mengyi, Chen Siping, Li Yong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.002
		The conventional ultrasound blood flow wall filter uses a fixed cut-off frequency, which is not effective when the tissue motion is different due to heart beat and breath. This paper presented an ultrasound clutter removing filter based on a low rank model. The characteristics of ultrasound flow signal was studied and formulated. The low rank model was comprised of a rank minimization and matrix sparsity problem. The convex optimization can be applied to solve it after relaxation. The novelty is that it is an adaptive filter due to the minimization of the combination of the nuclear norm and L₁ norm. Ultrasound blood flow data were simulated. The filtered signals were obtained by three different orders FIR filters and the low rank filter. The RMS errors for FIR filtering were around 34%, 16% and 12% respectively, and lower than 0.001% when using the low rank filter, which not only improved the accuracy a lot but also maintained the same length of the filtered signal as the original one's, where the length of the FIR filtered signal was decreased compared to the original signal. However, the low rank model is much more complicated than the conventional method, and it is still difficult to be applied in a real-time ultrasound imaging system.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 394-401 [Abstract] ( 422 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1164 KB) ( 707 )

	402	Spike Sorting Using Gaussian Mixture Model of Waveform Feature
		Wan Hong, Zhang Chao, Liu Xinyu, Shang Zhigang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.003
		Spike sorting is one of basic steps to study brain information processing mechanism. Regarding to the complexity and non-stationary of spike signals, a new spike sorting method based on waveform changing rate features and Gaussian mixture model (GMM) cluster was proposed in this work, in which the GMM described the probability density function of spike features from statistical clustering viewpoint. In the proposed method, firstly, the changing rate of spike waveforms was calculated, then low-dimensional features were obtained using maximum-difference method, and the features were finally sorted by the GMM. The accuracy and feasibility of the algorithm was measured by the simulated data from the published database, and the practicality was validated by the real data from primary visual cortex of five rats and one macaque monkey. And its performance was compared to other three sorting methods that based on principal component features and GMM cluster, based on waveform features and GMM cluster as well as based on waveform changing rate features and k-mean cluster. For the simulated data, the misclassification rate of proposed method below the other three methods, that is 1.18%±1.18%, 1.41%±1.06%, 2.27%±1.51% and 2.98%±2.06% when the noise level is 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20, respectively. For the real data, the J₃ value of proposed method is 13.50±5.26 with monkey data and 13.50±5.26 with rat data. Compared with the other three methods, the proposed method gives the maximum J₃ value and is higher significantly than the sorting method based on waveform features and GMM cluster. It has higher precision and classification performance as well as provides an effective approach to achieve reliable spike sorting.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 402-410 [Abstract] ( 352 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1050 KB) ( 320 )

	411	Placental Maturity Evaluation via Feature Fusionand Discriminative Learning
		Li Wanjun, Wang Tianfu, Ni Dong, Chen Siping, Lei Baiying, YaoYuan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.004
		The error of placental maturity classification may lead to the occurrence of small gestational age (SGA), stillbirth, dead fetus, etc. Currently, placental maturity evaluation mainly depends on the clinician's experience and observation. In this paper, we proposed a novel method to evaluate the placental maturity automatically by feature fusion and discriminative learning. Specifically, we extracted both the gray-scale intensity and blood flow information by the visual feature detector and descriptor from a total of 544 B-mode gray-scale ultrasound (US) images and color doppler energy (CDE) images. After fusing information, we applied the feature encoding method to improve the staging performance using discriminative learning technique. Comparing the test results with the result of the clinicians, we obtained a result with the accuracy of 92.7%, the sensitivity of 91.1%, a specificity of 97.6%, and a mean average precision of 97.3%. The experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved promising performance for placental maturity automatic classification.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 411-418 [Abstract] ( 314 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1404 KB) ( 353 )

	419	Blood Oxygen Content Detection with Dual-Wavelength Near-Infrared Imaging
		Zhu Lianghui, Zeng Maomao, He Yonghong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.005
		In order to image the distribution of blood oxygen content, a blood oxygen content detection system was developed by the near infrared imaging of dual wavelengths 760 nm and 850 nm. A new simulation experiment with indocyanine green and scatterers was conducted. First, we changed the concentration of milk ΔC and detected its optical density change (ΔOD). Then indocyanine green (ICG) was dissolved in milk which was diluted 40 times. With gradient dilution of ICG, a series of curves of ΔOD-Δc were obtained. We used a linear function to fit the curves and determined the resolution of the system according to the sum of squares due to error (SSE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²). Third, we changed the concentration of the scattering medium to study its influence on detection. Last, 30 healthy subjects were chosen to detect the spatial distribution of blood oxygen content and its dynamic changes. The results showed the absorption coefficient ratio of milk in the dual wavelength light was closed to 1∶1 and the ratio of ICG was 2.5∶1, therefore milk could simulate water, fat and pigment, and ICG could simulate deoxygenated hemoglobin. Furthermore, the system is able to identify the minimum change of the concentration of indocyanine green of 1.6×10^-5 mg/mL. With the elevation of the scatters concentration, on one hand, the scope of the system dynamic response became large; on the other hand, the sensitivity of the system became low. Finally, the blood oxygen content decreased from 1 to 0.3±0.105 during the stage of tying wrist and then recovered to 0.97±0.018 after removing the rubber band. The experiments above demonstrated the potential of application for the system in detecting tissue blood oxygen.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 419-427 [Abstract] ( 376 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1109 KB) ( 563 )

	428	Effects of Outlet Boundary Condition and Wall Thickness on Wall Shear Stress and von Mises Stress in Coronary Artery
		Xu Chuangye, Liu Xiujian, Wu Guanghui, He Yuna, Shu Lixia, Lin Changyan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.03.006
		This study is aimed to investigate the effects of different outlet boundary conditions and vessel wall thickness on time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and von Mises stress (VMS) in the coronary artery fluid structure interaction (FSI) analysis based on patient-specific computed tomography angiography(CTA)images. Firstly, 3D geometry of right coronary artery (RCA) lumen was reconstructed from CTA images. Then, lumen surface was expanded outward by 0.5 mm to establish uniform thickness vessel model. Finally, non-uniform thickness vessel was built by manually removing plaques. Zero and impedance boundary conditions were applied to the computational domains during FSI analysis. Distribution of TAWSS and VMS in a cardiac cycle from end diastolic phase were obtained and analyzed. TAWSS at stenosed sites were both significantly higher than other segments, and there was no significant difference with two outlet boundary conditions. Peak VMS appeared at 0.42 s (maximum pressure) with zero condition, while it appeared at 0.64 s (maximum flow velocity) with impedance condition and was 20 times higher. With impedance outlet boundary condition, the TAWSS in stenosed sites were both significantly higher than other segments, but had a similar distribution without statistical difference in different vessel models; the VMS distribution were both lower in stenosed sites and the absolute value of local VMS was higher in non-uniform thickness model than in uniform model. More accurate coronary structures and personalized flow and pressure boundary conditions were described based on the medical image, which is not only of great significance to studying relationship between hemodynamic, mechanical factors and cardiovascular disease, but also to serving patient-specific diagnosis and treatment.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 428-434 [Abstract] ( 330 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1141 KB) ( 577 )

	435	Development and Validation of the 1.5-Year-Old Child Head FE Model
		Cao Libo, Huang Junkun, Jin Ke
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.007
		In this paper, a 1.5-year-old child head finite element(FE) model with detailed anatomical structure was developed through medical 3D reconstruction and FE preprocess of geometrical data were extracted from a set of MRI&CT scan images of a 1.5-year-old child. The material properties of skull and sutures reported in latest pediatric cadaver tests study were implemented into the FE model. Then the model was used to reconstruct the child head drop test(including 17 samples) conducted by Loyd. Results of simulations showed the FE model had a high biofidelity and was able to reflect the load condition of child head in real drop scenes. Maximum HIC (357) was predicted for occipital impact. Analysis of intracranial pressure predicted for different impact locations revealed that the pressure distribution was consistent with the typical pattern of coup-contrecoup injury. The model predicted higher peak coup pressure (up to 241.6 and 157.3 kPa) for vertical impact and parietal impact which leads to a higher risk of coup brain contusion. The maximum negative pressure (-74.4 kPa) was observed in occipital impact which contributes to occurrence of contrecoup brain contusion. Besides, the injury risk increases with higher drop distance.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 435-444 [Abstract] ( 240 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1252 KB) ( 510 )

	445	Anionic Polymer Coating Enhance the RNAi Efficiency of Non-Viral Carriers in Serum Containing Environment
		Wang Jing, Xie Lifei, Meng Jie, Liu Jian, Xu Haiyan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.008
		The clinical application of cationic polymer carriers was limited because the adsorption of protein in serum environment led to low transfection efficiency. In this work, we synthesized carboxylic Dextran (Dex-COOH) and water-soluble carboxylic fullerene (C60-Dex-COOH) anionic polymers, coated on the pullulan-spermine and siRNA complex (PS/siRNA) to reduce the adsorption of serum protein. The particle size and Zeta potential were analyzed by DLS/ELS, respectively. The formation of anion coating and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption of complexes were tested by QCM-D. Cellular uptake, cytotoxicity on the Hela cells and RNAi efficiency on the Hela-EGFP cells were examined by cck-8 reagent and flow cytometry. The results showed that Dex-COOH and C60-Dex-COOH could coat on PS/siRNA to form stable electronegative complexes, prevent the adsorption of serum effectively. Cytotoxicity of complexes was reduced in the absence of serum. On the other hand, in the serum environment, anionic polymer coated complexes could help complexes enter cells and PS/siRNA@C60-Dex-COOH with visible light irradiation would escape from the lysosome, increased the interference efficiency by 20% compared with PS/siRNA. In summary, this coating strategy provided an effective solution of increasing RNAi efficiency mediated by cationic polymers.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 445-452 [Abstract] ( 235 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (991 KB) ( 338 )

	453	The Fabrication of Composite Liquid Dressing and Applications in Skin Wound Healing
		Chen Yanpei, Xia Donglin, Wang Yufei, Chen Chao, Shen Lingling, Gu Haiying, He Hong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.009
		The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the composite liquid dressing in the treatment of acute skin ulcer for further applications in the prevention of surgical wound infection and promotion of wound healing. The composite liquid dressing (CLD) was prepared by carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and ethanol solution, according to the certain formulation. The performance and biological safety of CLD were evaluated by experiments of waterproof, breathable, bacteria resistance, and cell toxicity. Forty healthy adult SD rats, half male and half female, were made wound, carboxymethyl chitosan meanwhile different concentration at 1.0 mg/mL, 10.0 mg/mL, 30.0 mg/mLwas applied to the wound. The therapeutic effect of the wound composite liquid dressing was studied by daily observation and HE staining. The upper membrane liquid of CLD between 1.8～ 2.3 mm had very good waterproof permeability and resistance to bacteria. In animal models, the wound healing rate of the experimental group (10.0 and 30.0 mg/mL CMC) was 65.42% and 67.38%, which was higher than that of control group with significant difference (P< 0.01) on the 7^th day. The wound healing rate of the experimental group (10.0 and 30.0 mg/mL CMC) was 100% on the 14^th day. Seven days after the operations, the wound healing rate of the experimental group (10.0 and 30.0 mg/mL CMC), the stratified squamous epithelium that formed the epidermis and the dermis consisted of thin collagen fibers. The organization began to fall into the interior; the normal dermis with a thick, coarse collagen fiber was connected to a thin collagen fiber. The stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermis was much larger than that of the control group from 3 to 4. The wound was connected with dermal connective tissue. The skin was very close to the normal skin on the 12^th day. The results showed that the dressing functioned (10.0 mg/mL CMC ) as a good barrier against the penetration of infection, it was waterproof, had a suitable water vapor transmission rate, good biosafety and a rapid wound closure rate.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 453-459 [Abstract] ( 247 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1171 KB) ( 567 )

Reviews

	460	Research and Novel Application on MR Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging
		Sha Miao, Zhao Xin, Chen Yuanyuan, Wang Weiwei, Zhou Peng, Ni Hongyan, Ming Dong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.03.010
		As an emerging technology of diffusion MRI, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) introduces forth-order tensor to quantify the degree to non-Gaussian water diffusion in biologic tissues. Additional kurtosis information on the water diffusion properties could be more sensitive to tissue microstructure in the brain. This paper introduced diffusion kurtosis model, data acquisition parameters, model fitting and microstructural model based on DKI to reveal research development and clinical application of DKI model. Meanwhile, limitations of DKI model and prospect of its profound influence on all aspects of neural radiology were discussed as well.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 460-469 [Abstract] ( 315 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1078 KB) ( 485 )

	470	Preparation of Microspheres and its Application in Nervous System's Injury and Repair
		Xu Meiling, Zhang Luzhong, Wang Xiaodong, Chen Xue
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.011
		Tissue engineering technology has been applied to prepare nerve conduits for repairing nervous system's injury and has become the focus in the field of nervous system's regeneration.Using biological materials in the form of microspheres has become main issues. Microspheres can release bioactive substances in a sustained and controlled manner,they improve the microenvironment of nervous system's regeneration. This paper reviews candidate materials, fabrication techniques, and detection methods for preparing microspheres and discuss the role of microspheres in nervous system's injury and repair.
		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 470-476 [Abstract] ( 265 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (863 KB) ( 341 )

Communications

	477	Research on Segmentation of Chinese Text in Medical Record
		Li Guolei, Chen Xianlai, Xia Dong, Yang Rong
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.012

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 477-481 [Abstract] ( 476 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (850 KB) ( 953 )

	482	A PID Control Strategy Design of Risk Factor Intervention for Chronic Disease
		Bao Jiaming, Zhu Chaoyang, Hu Yanan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.013

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 482-486 [Abstract] ( 276 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (786 KB) ( 358 )

	487	Evaluation on Blue Light Hazard Photobiological Safety of LED Light Sources for Children Applications
		Zheng Jian, Mou Tongsheng, He Tao
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.014

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 487-491 [Abstract] ( 218 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (851 KB) ( 433 )

	492	Design of Diagnosis Support System Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy
		Xu Lingyi, Sun Yu, Kong Xianghui, Xiang Lei, Zhang Bing, Wan Suiren
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.015

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 492-496 [Abstract] ( 393 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (908 KB) ( 449 )

	497	Research on the Effects of Antenna Electromagnetic Radiation to Human Body Safety for Implantable Medical Device Wireless Energy Transmission System Based on Magnetic Resonance
		Gong Feixiang, Wei Zhiqiang, Cong Yanping, Chi Haokun, Sun Mingui, Yin Bo
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.016

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 497-501 [Abstract] ( 313 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (859 KB) ( 479 )

	502	The Application of an Improved CLAHE Algorithm in Image Enhancement of Medical Test Strip
		Sun Dongmei, Lu Jianfeng, Zhang Shanqing
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.017

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 502-506 [Abstract] ( 366 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (835 KB) ( 448 )

	507	Degradation Behaviors of Silk Fibroin Scaffolds with Different Pore Sizes in vivo
		Qian Jianfeng, Cai Lihui, Qi Weidong, Zhao Xia, Chen Xin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2016.04.018

		2016 Vol. 35 (4): 507-511 [Abstract] ( 296 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (979 KB) ( 244 )

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