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2015 Vol. 34, No. 6 Published: 2015-12-20 641 Wearable Technologies: Omniscience Is Universal Wang Lei1，2#* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.001 Wearable technologies are clothing or accessories incorporating computer and advanced electronic technologies. This article introduces some concepts of wearable technologies and proposed some perspective about the developing trends. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 641-643 [Abstract] ( 424 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (847 KB)  ( 736 ) 644 The Development of Wearable Technologies Yan Yan1，2Zou Hao1，2Zhou Lin3     Yuan Chan3      Wang Lei1#* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.002 In this paper, the connotations and extensions of wearable technologies were expounded, and the origins of the technique development and histories were summarized from the stateofart of wearable technologies. Then the key technologies were introduced mainly including communication technology, chips, sensors and flexible components. The wearable operation systems and interactive models were concluded. The common application scenes were stated as well as the research orients. The study discussed the research contents and applications of wearable technologies, which formed a research frame of wearable technologies. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 644-653 [Abstract] ( 670 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4728 KB)  ( 3682 ) 654 A Wearable System for the Real-Time Ambient Gases Monitoring DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.003 In order to monitor the indoor or outdoor hazard gases and evaluate the harmful impact of these gases to humans and environment, this study developed a wearable mobile system for the real-time ambient gases monitoring based on the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors array. We designed and produced a miniaturized hardware circuit to detect the sensor signals. The system can detect the realtime concentration of these environmental toxicants continuously for a long time. This study selected formaldehyde, benzene, total volatile organic compound (TVOC) as typical harmful gases for a preliminary test. The threshold range (0.01-0.5 mg/m3) was determined by detecting the standard gas. The correlation between the steady-state peak values and the corresponding concentration was analyzed, and the fitting curve was plotted as the calibration equation. We selected the detection sensors depending on the slope and fitting degree (R2) were both the best. Experiments of environmental monitoring were performed in multi-scene applications. The fuming cupboard simulated small closed space and the laboratory simulated indoor environment. The system can record the local concentration of formaldehyde, benzene or TVOC and achieve the goal of detecting the harmful gases in volatile environment with wave multi-sources and giving out sound and light alarm. The TVOC concentration can also be detected in different positions to draw the concentration space map for observing and analyzing big data while the system was moving in the outdoor campus. The sensor stable response time was 30 s and the system can set the data transmission interval at more than 30 s. The target gas concentration was transferred to one′s smartphone via the Bluetooth or to one′s computer via the serial port. We believe that this design has potential of being used in realtime detection of the environmental target gases in cars, indoor, outdoor and other scenes. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 654-661 [Abstract] ( 596 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (9242 KB)  ( 218 ) 662 Research of Intelligent Speller System Based on EOG Gao Dongrui  GanYulong  Li Pengxiao  Xie Jiaxin  Yao Dezhong  Liu Tiejun#* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.004 A portable intelligent speller system based on blink electrooculogram (EOG) was designed to help patients of limb movement function disorders to communicate with other people. The user can control virtual keyboard to spell characters by blinking on human-computer interaction (HCI) interface. The signal would be pre-processed by acquisition module of the system. Then the signal was converted to digital signal, and the digital signal was transmitted to microprocessor. Pike noise of the digital signal was firstly filtered by mathematical morphology. Then dynamical threshold algorithm and normalization, differential algorithm were used to detect the blink. According to the information of EOG, virtual keyboard was controlled to spell characters by microprocessor. In this paper, 12 subjects were tested the system in three occasions (routine laboratory, magnetic resonance imaging equipment room with the large electromagnetic interference, and outdoor playground). Results showed that the system could accurately identify blink signal and spell characters including Chinese, English and numbers. Besides, the mean average precision of input character was above 98%. The average input speeds of Chinese character, English character and number were 2.8±0.3, 6.6±0.35 and 9.7±0.38 (per/min), respectively. Hence the system which has higher interference rejection is appropriate for patient of limb movement function disorders. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 662-669 [Abstract] ( 495 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3007 KB)  ( 630 ) 670 Mechanic-Electrical Property Characterization of PPy-Coated Conductive Woven Fabric for Human Upper Limb Motion Monitoring Zhang Xiaofeng  Li Guohao  Hu Jiyong*  Yang Xudong  Ding Xin DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.005 The emerging wearable electronics require a kind of fiberbased flexible and stretchable sensing elements.  It is studied for the capability of conductive woven stretch fabric in sensing human upper limb motion behavior as well as its sensing mechanism. This article proposed three types of polypyrrole (PPy)-coated woven fabrics by in-situ polymerization, i.e. C/SP plain fabric, C/SP twill fabric and T/SP plain fabric. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the distribution of polypyrrole on fabric as well as fibers. Each of three PPy-coated fabrics was considered as the sensing element to test the quasistatic bending and rotation motion. From the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fabric after polymerization, it can be seen that the PPy was not only adsorbed on the surface of the fabric but on the every fiber inside of the fabric, which represented the resistance against mechanical abrasion. The results of the quasistatic test showed that all of the three fabrics can reflect the human limb motion, and the change of their resistances had no observable difference. And then, the C/SP plain fabric was taken an example to test the realtime bending motion of limb motion. The results of the realtime test showed the PPy-coated woven fabrics can reflect realtime motion amplitude and numbers of the motion. It is concluded that the directional differences of the resistance of the PPy-coated woven fabrics can reflect the bending and rotatory movement of the human upper limbs. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 670-676 [Abstract] ( 387 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (5117 KB)  ( 586 ) 677 A Novel Application of Compressed Sensing for the Accelerometer Data from Wireless Body Area Network with Low Energy Consumption Wu Jianning1*Xu Haidong1  Wang Jue2 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.006 This paper proposed a novel scheme of energy-efficient compressed sensing framework for processing the acceleration-based data acquired from wireless body area networks (WBANs), in order to save the energy of WBANs-based system. With the optimal scheme of sparse binary matrices, the raw accelerometer data with nonsparse is  compressed by linearly projected at sensor node before their transmission, and then the compressed data is reconstructed by the novel block Bayesian learning algorithm (BSBL) at remote terminal. The acceleration data from USC-HAD dataset of Southern California was used to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed technique. The experimental results showed that the optimal scheme of sparse binary matrix could obtain the same reconstruction error (0.0045) as Gaussian or Bernouilli random matrix when a number of nonzero values were selected as 6 in each column of the designed sparse binary matrix and the ratio of compression was 50%. Besides, compared with the traditional CS-based reconstruction algorithms, our proposed BSBL algorithm for reconstruction of acceleration data could increase by 17 dB of signalnoise ratio, significantly improving the performance of reconstruction of acceleration data. These results suggested that, with the optimal design of sparse binary matrix, the designed compressed sensing framework could acquired the acceleration data at sub-Nyquist sampling rate and greatly reduce the number of transmitted data by simple linear transform at sensor node for saving energy. It also can contribute to improving the performance of reconstruction of non-sparse acceleration data by using BSBL.  Our work can provide a novel approach for further practical implementation such as the design of simple hardware of sensor node, improvement of the performance of reconstruction of accelerationdata and the development of WBANs\|based system with lower energy consumption for remote monitoring physical activity. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 677-685 [Abstract] ( 437 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1100 KB)  ( 507 ) 686 Optimization Design of UWB Band-Notched Antenna for Wireless Body Area Network Luo Zhiyong1*Zhang Bin2     Pang Yu3     Hu Junfeng2 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.007 Aiming at the band trap’s requirement in wireless body area network system (WBAN), a band-notched ultra wide band (UWB) antenna was designed and a U-shaped slot was opened on the radiation patch. The current distribution of the UWB antenna was changed for radiation patch with U-shaped slot. In addition, the narrow-band interference signal of WLAN (5.15～5.825 GHz) was inhibited by adjusting U-shaped slot’s dimension. Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) was utilized to obtain the optimal parameters of antenna and fractal slot. The antenna was simulated by the HFSS simulation software and tested by Agilent N5230A network analyzer. The simulation and test results showed that the antenna has achieved a good impedance matching at 3.8 GHz, and the bandwidth was covering 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. What’s more, the narrowband interference signal of WLAN (5.15～5.825 GHz) was inhibited effectively and the antenna directivity has a good performance except the trap points. In conclusion, the optimization design method of UWB antenna is effective. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 686-692 [Abstract] ( 340 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4614 KB)  ( 567 ) 693 Study on Sleep Staging Algorithm Based on EEG Signals Liu Zhiyong1  Zhang Hongmin2  Zhao Huiqun2  Zhu  Zheng1  Li Zhuqin3  Sun Jinwei1* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.008 The quality of sleep is closely related to the human life. Monitoring sleep quality accurately can play an effective role in helping people improve the quality of sleep. We chose the EEG and sleep state data of slp01, slp02 and slp04 samples of MIT-BIH Polysomnographic database as the analysis object, use the wavelet transform of ‘sym7’ with 7 layers decomposition to denoise the EEG signal, and extract the symbolic entropy, the detrended fluctuation index and the delta frequency band energy ratio through the nonlinear analysis of symbolic dynamics, detrended fluctuation analysis and spectrum analysis. Besides, the calibration samples and prediction samples of each sample were established according to the proportion of 4 to 1 by KennardStone method, and the sleep staging are realized by the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM). Results demonstrated that the three parameters were highly correlated to the sleep state, and the correlation coefficients of them to the sleep state were higher than 083, the embedding dimension and time delay of the symbol entropy parameters are 4 and 1, and the interval of detrended fluctuation was 30-500, the mean of sleep staging accuracy reached 9287%. The accuracy improved about 5% compared to the complexity and approximate entropy algorithm. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 693-700 [Abstract] ( 1445 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1811 KB)  ( 2156 ) 701 Design of a Wearable Device for SpO2 Monitoring Using BLE Xue Junwei1  Huang Yueshan1  Du Xin1  Wu Xiuyong1  Zeng Weijie2Xi Yusheng2  Chen Yimin2  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.009 In this paper, we designed a wearable device for oxygen saturation monitoring, which can achieve real-time detection of SpO2. We designed and implemented several key modules, including a clip-on photoelectric sensor, an interface module of solar cell, and a module of bluetooth low energy (BLE). The hardware design used energy efficient components and modules. Monitoring data were transferred to the application of cellphone by BLE technology. The software design adopted an optimized strategy of data transmission. The wearable device has features of low power, wearable, and reliable, and thus is suitable for outdoor activities and oxygen saturation monitoring for hypoxic diseases patients. Test results showed that the final error rate of the bluetooth communication was 0 and the pulse rate was 980%. Most importantly, the accuracy of the oxygen saturation was 979% when the output of simulator was above 75%. Moreover, we also designed a power supply module using solar cell, in which the machine standby current was 11 μA and the battery life at peak power was more than 18 h. The cell performance of our device was better than those of fingertip pulse oximeters. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 701-707 [Abstract] ( 480 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3897 KB)  ( 1085 ) 708 High CMRR Full Spectrum EEG Acquisition System Gao DongruiLi PengxiaoChen Qiyou   Yao Dezhong   Liu Tiejun* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.010 In order to suppress DC voltage of the raw EEG, and improve commonmode rejection ratio (CMRR) and broaden bandwidth of the EEG, a full spectrum EEG acquisition system that can dynamically eliminating DC voltage was designed in this paper. DC voltage was acquired by microprocessor, and then the DC voltage was translated into analog signal by digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) and fed back to the dynamical eliminating system of DC voltage. The DC voltage was handled by the system, and then DC components were exported to REF of the instrumentation amplifier, and the DC voltage can be eliminated. Test results showed that not only the DC voltage of the EEG acquisition system could suppress dynamically, but also CMRR could be increased up to more than 120 dB, and the full spectrum EEG (DC-1000Hz) could be acquired. Therefore the EEG acquisition system could acquire more precise EEG signals and be used for research in cognitive science and medical diagnosis to promote development of brain science. Besides that, because of the simple circuit structure, it could be integrated into flexible printed circuit, and made into wearable medical monitoring device, which can help people monitor their physiological status. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 708-713 [Abstract] ( 502 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1005 KB)  ( 808 ) 714 Development of Multi-Parameter Adjustable Cranial Stimulation Device and Effect Evaluation by EEG Yang Hu1  Wang Yuduo1   Chen Xinhua2   Yin Shengyong2   Wu Tongning3#* DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.011 Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) has been widely used to treat the disorders as anxiety, depression, insomnia and chronic pain. In this work, we presented a cranial electrotherapy stimulation device that provided adjustable stimulation parameters such as wave pattern, repetition rate, pulse width and intensity. In order to prevent the difference on the stimulating current density due to the difference on the individual head impedance, a constant current density component was developed and used in the device. To evaluate the effect of the stimulation, we recruited 20 volunteers to carry out the experiment. The electroencephalography (EEG) technique and two-factor variance analysis method were used to map the changes pre- and post-CES. The results revealed that the interaction of the stimulation parameters and the pre- and post- CES is significant (P<0.01). Four kinds of waveforms (square wave, triangle wave, saw tooth wave, sine wave) can effectively improve the alphawave’s spectrum content in different degree. Furthermore, the presented sinusoid wave can significantly improve the percentage of the alpha-wave power spectrum (power spectrum ratio increased by more than 20%), the effectiveness of the device was demonstrated. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 714-719 [Abstract] ( 728 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3354 KB)  ( 819 ) 720 Hard Exudates Detection Method Based on Background-Estimation and SVM Classifier Xiao Zhitao1  Wang Wen1  Geng Lei1*Zhang Fang1  Wu Jun1  Zhao Beifang1  Zhang Xinpeng1Su Long DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258.-8021.2015.06.012 Hard exudates (HE) are early symptoms of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and main symptom of macular edema. Hence, HE detection is very important for clinical diagnosis. In this paper, a new method based on backgroundestimation and SVM classifier for hard exudates detection is presented. Firstly, foreground map containing all bright objects is obtained by background-estimation. The HE candidates are gotten using the edge information based on Kirsch operator, and then the optic disc is removed. Finally, the shape features, histogram statistic features and phase features of the HE candidates are extracted before using the SVM classifier so that the accurate extraction of HE is obtained. Our method has been tested on the public databases of DIARETDB1 and HEI-MED. The experiment results show that the method’s sensitivity is 97.3% and the specificity is 90% at the image level, the mean sensitivity is 84.6% and the mean predictive value is 94.4% at the lesion level. The performance of the proposed method shows considerable efficiency for hard exudates detection. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 720-728 [Abstract] ( 589 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (11766 KB)  ( 311 ) 729 VEP and EEG Signal-Based Research on Different Parallax Images in 3D-TV Fang Desheng  Xing Lidong  Qian Zhiyu  Wang Xiao  Jin Shuai  Zhang Xi DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.013 The EEG of volunteers was collected when they were watching 3D images with different parallaxes. The visual evoked potential (VEP) of different images and the visual fatigue factor R were analyzed to explore the effects of parallax of 3D film on human body. Test systems were set up based on the Neuroscan electroencephalograph. Ten healthy volunteers received picture\|stimulation of different parallaxes. A feedback button could be pressed when they felt discomfort (tingling or vertigo). Through the method of superimposed average, VEP was extracted based on three lead O1, Oz, and O2 in occipital domain of visual sense, obtaining N135 composition and P260 composition wave. The preprocessed ECG signals were superposed upon the same stimulus serial number. The fatigue factor R was obtained from the relative power calculated by the superposed signals with Matlab. Results showed that the amplitudes and the latency period of the VEP were not the same while watching different visual parallax images, especially for the latency period (the variation of mean value between different groups was 30%). The fatigue factor R was the biggest when volunteers watched negative parallax 3D images, and the average values of all leads were 10% higher than that when watching other groups. In conclusions, the P260 component (amplitude and incubation period) can be used to detect 3D pictures; Negative parallax images more likely make human eyes fatigue; Images with both positive and negative parallaxes is in the least possibility to cause fatigue. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 729-735 [Abstract] ( 370 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2263 KB)  ( 588 ) 736 Research on MRI Disc Localization and Degeneration Classification Based on Gabor Feature Lin Xiaohong1  Yan Zheng1#*  Cheng Jiwei2  Zhu Xinjian3 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.014 An unsupervised method based on Gabor feature for localizing intervertebral discs (IVDs) automatically and classifying disc degeneration was proposed in this paper. At first, a series of Gaborfiltered spine images were obtained in order to extract the information of spine edges and disc edges based on which the areas of spines could be determined. After that, on the basis of the prior knowledge,the exact location of IVDs in the spines were calculated. Finally, associating localization results with Gabor coefficients, the classification of IVD degeneration was realized based on gray information of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis which were obtained by ellipse fitting. Experiments were performed in a dataset of 37 patients, the results showed that our method was simpler than the existing methods while with a similar accuracy of 966%, and it increased the precision to 1.46 mm. Besides, the degeneration classification of level 1-5 could be realized by our classification algorithm. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 736-742 [Abstract] ( 376 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3403 KB)  ( 549 ) 743 Staple Configuration Optimal Design of Soft Tissue Anastomosis with Stapler Li Jinhua1  Yang Yingkan1  Zhang Linan2*Li Jianmin1   Wang Shuxin1 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.015 Staple configuration is one of the important factors that have impacts on the effects of stapling anastomosis. According to staplertissue interaction on the surgery with stapling technology, we proposed an optimized model based on the staple configuration in this study. Firstly, the mechanical model of stapletissue interaction was analyzed, and the simplified finite element model was established based on the mechanical model. Furthermore, the optimized model was established in the case of vascular stapling surgery, and staple row and row space were chosen to be design variables, and the magnitude and distribution of radial stress on the surface of soft tissue were regarded as objective function. At last, the regularities of radial stress magnitude and distribution of soft tissue were obtained by the statistical methods based on finite element simulation experiments. Results showed that when staple row was 3 and row space was 1.25 mm, the average of radial stress was 0.056 3 MPa  and the difference of stress distribution was 0.138 5 MPa,and the vascular stapling surgery achieved the optimal effect. The results provide important reference for decreasing complications of stapling surgery and optimal design of staplers. 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 743-751 [Abstract] ( 477 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (6388 KB)  ( 602 ) 752 The Kinetic Measurement and Accuracy Analysis of Human Body Threedimensional Center of Mass Using Kinect Duan Zengwu  Xiao Jinzhuang*   Wang Hongrui DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.016 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 752-756 [Abstract] ( 577 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2075 KB)  ( 726 ) 757 Design and Clinical Experiment of a Stroke Rehabilitation System Based on Cognitive Relearning Therapy Zhu Lin1Tian Xuelong1,2 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.06.017 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 757-762 [Abstract] ( 320 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4360 KB)  ( 533 ) 763 The Digital Study about the Biomechanical Differences Between Asymptomatic Flatfoot and Normal Foot Wu Lijun1  Li Yuting1  Wang Ting1  Yu Fengjiao1  Lu Xingfang2Zheng Rongmei1  Zheng Xiangwu3  DOI: 10．3969/j.issn.0258－8021．2015．06．018 2015 Vol. 34 (6): 763-767 [Abstract] ( 341 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3483 KB)  ( 626 )

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