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2015 Vol. 34, No. 1
Published: 2015-02-20
 
1 Medical Image Registration Algorithm Based on Mixed Mutual Information and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization
Shi Yixin1 Qiu Tianshuang1* Han Jun2 Jin Sheng3
DOI: doi:10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.001
A novel medical image registration method based on mixed mutual information and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed. During each iteration of the proposed algorithm, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on Renyi’s entropy was adopted firstly in global searching phase. Then the mutual information measure based on Shannon’s entropy was taken as the objective function while the Powell algorithm was used to obtain the optimal solution in local searching phase. The monomodality medical image registration accuracy including sixty simulated images and ten clinical medical images is improved to subpixel level by the proposed algorithm. Comparing with the other three algorithms in the experiment of multimodality medical image registration, the quality of the registered image was evaluated by five kinds of objective criterions, the proposed algorithm was optimal for the four object indexes except for computation time, the mean of MI, NMI and CC index was 1.338 6, 1.363 1 and 0.837 8 respectively, subjective and objective analysis of the results showed that the proposed algorithm has the advantage in accuracy and effectiveness over other image registration methods.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 1-7 [Abstract] ( 467 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2540 KB)  ( 1121 )
8 Maximal Information Coefficient on Identifying Differentially Expressed Genes of Permanent Atrial Fibrillation
Liu Hanming1,2 Rao Nini1* Li Yi1 Luo Hengrong1 Yang Yang1 Yang Feng1
DOI: 103969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.002
The atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia disease. It usually causes stroke resulting in high risk on morbidity and mortality. It can be insight into the biological processes, the functional disorders of atrial fibrillation and the genes associated with disease risks by analyzing a microarray data. A proposed novel statistical method named as maximal information coefficient (MIC) has excellent performance in exploring the relationship between twovariables. Based on the degree of relationship between the phenotypes and differentially or undifferentially expressed genes, the statistical method was introduced into the analysis of a microarray of permanent atrial fibrillations (GSE2240). Total of 41 genes were identified by the method, in which 14 genes are new differentially expressed genes. The differentially expressed genes identified by MIC were demonstrated that they were related with atrial fibrillation diseases, via the analyses of signaling pathway and enrichment in DAVID. Furthermore, MIC was used to analyze a microarray of breast cancer (GSE24037) to test the method. MIC is a nonparametric statistical method with antinoise, which leads it to be ideally suit for identifying differentially expressed genes.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 8-16 [Abstract] ( 421 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (843 KB)  ( 678 )
17 Study on the Particle Motion Behavior and Separation Efficiency in Microchannels of the Magnetophoretic Separation System
Wei Weizhong1 Cao Quanliang2 Feng Yang2 Han Xiaotao2*
DOI: doi:103969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.003
Magnetophoretic separation technology by use of magnetic forces on the micro/nano particles for transporting and separating has attracted wide attention in the fields of biochemical separation and detection. Its applications in microfluidics with corresponding studies of separation behavior in microscale have been one hot issue in the research field. Based on the equations of forces acting on the particles and motion behavior, this paper established a two dimensional dynamical numerical model for particles under the action of gradient magnetic field and flow field. Then the motion behavior and separation efficiency of particles with single/double sizes were investigated for different flow rates and microchannel structures. Studies have shown that: 1) Widths of the two fluid streams flowing in the Tshaped microchannel can be controlled by adjusting the flow rate ratio of the two inlets. The width of the stream containing particles can be decreased from 100 μm to 53 μm when the inlet flow rate ratio changes from 1 to 6, which has greatly decreased the initial distances between partilces and could be used to improve the separation resolution. 2) When the two types of magnetic particles have been separated completely, the spacing distance between fully separated particles can be greatly amplified from 5.4 μm to 26.8 μm by introducing a broadened segment along the channel outlet. Then it has been demonstrated to realize the separation of 2 μm and 3 μm particles. These results should have a theoretical significance to enhance the magnetophoretic separation efficiency and optimize the microfluidic system.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 17-23 [Abstract] ( 413 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4173 KB)  ( 554 )
24 Effects of Phase 2 Early Afterdepolarization on the Stabilities of Electrical Reentry
Zhang Hong1* Zhao Dan1 He Ruirui1 Huang  Xin2 Fan Yaping3
DOI: doi:103969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.004
The voltage oscillations at the phase 2 repolarization of an action potential are called the phase2 early afterdepolarizations (EADs). Most isolated myocyte studies have recorded phase2 EADs, but their characteristics in the tissue and whether they affect the electrical stability and behaviors of the ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) are still not clear. In this paper, based on the single cell LuoRudy ionic mathematical model, the phase2 EADs were produced by properly matching the maximum conductance of Ca2+ ionic channel and the time constant of K+ gating. A two dimensional inhomogeneous tissue model including 400×400 cells was then developed by putting the local EAD regions inside. The operator splitting technique was used to integrate the tissue model. The cross field method was utilized to induce a reentry and formed a spiral wave. The effects of EAD on the dynamics of spiral wave patterns were observed. Results showed that phase-2 EAD could promote the destabilization of the spiral wave and its breakup, but whether this transition occurred was dependent on the size and location of the EADs. A 20×20 EAD zone in the center was easy to result in breakup of the spiral wave. Multiple EAD regions could aggravate the destabilization, leading to the more chaotic wave patterns. The refractory period dispersion was suggested to be the main mechanism of the wave breakup. Therefore, phase2 EAD could promote the degeneration of VT to VF. In the clinic setting, the inhibition of phase2 EADs was necessary for the prevention and suppression of the occurrence of VF.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 24-29 [Abstract] ( 343 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4354 KB)  ( 587 )
30 Evaluation of Muscle Fatigue Process Based on Ultrasonic Image Entropy Characteristics
Cao Libo Wei Wei Zhang Guanjun*
DOI: doi:103969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.005
Muscle fatigue is a phenomenon that the maximum voluntary contraction force of muscle is reduced due to muscular movement. If the fatigue is not treated properly it will harm the muscle. In this study we used a designed ultrasonic image entropy testing system to detect the muscle tissue, and used the image entropy to characterize the gray scale distribution characteristic of muscle ultrasonic image texture, trying to evaluate characteristics of the muscle fatigue process. We collected the ultrasound images of biceps brachii of ten subjects with different loads (20%MVC、30%MVC、40%MVC、50%MVC), and linearly fitted their estimated ultrasound image entropy. A statistical analyze method of ANOVA of the random group was applied to study the down slope of muscle fatigue image entropy. It is shown that the slope between different subjects over time are different significantly(P=0.000 0), the slope under different loads of same subjects are also different (P=0.0400). However, the difference of the linear fitted slope of ultrasonic image entropy under different loads to the same subject is far less than that of the same loads to different subjects, which illustrates that the personal muscles characteristics play a major role. This study provides a quantitative evaluation method to the muscle fatigue process.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 30-36 [Abstract] ( 419 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4499 KB)  ( 459 )
37 3 Year Old Pediatric C4-C5 Cervical Spine
Huang Zhiwei Dai Ning* Liu Hao
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.006
Based on CT scans, the C4-C5 cervical segment finite element model for 3 year old child was developed with accurate skeletal geometries and detailed anatomical structures of intervertebral disc. Grounded on biomechanical experiments published of adult cervical spine and the comparison of the data between adult and child, scaling methods were used to calculate the material parameters for 3 year old pediatric cervical spine. The model was validated under quasistatic and dynamic tensile, quasistatic flexion extension, and lateral bending as well as axialrotation loadings. It is indicated that responses for the tensile simulations are consistent with those of the experiments, with the quasi static tensile stiffness of 211.8 N/mm, dynamic tensile ultimate failure force of 759.9 N and ultimate failure displacement of 5.08 mm in simulations. Responses for quasi static bending simulations were within the standard deviation or corridor of the experiments, with the range of motion for extension 9.75°, flexion 9.29°, lateral bending 3.79°and axial rotation 7.04°. It is indicated that this model is biofidelic enough to reflect the biomechanical properties of 3 year old pediatric C4-C5 cervical spine under quasi static and dynamic tensile, as well as quasistatic flexion extension, lateral bending and axial rotation loadings.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 37- [Abstract] ( 327 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (6072 KB)  ( 506 )
46 Heuristically Automatic Segmentation Technology in Dental and Maxillofacial CT Images
Huang Zhiwei Dai Ning* Liu Hao
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.007
Segmenting CT slices featured contour accurately and rapidly is an important part in the medical image 3D reconstruction. The existing contour extracting technologies have to manually extract outlines interactively layer by layer, not only timeconsuming but also low accuracy. For this limitation, this paper proposed a automatic contour extracting method for tooth segmentation based on heuristic in dental and maxillofacial CT images. First, we enhanced all the image edges with Laplace operator. Second, the contour registration mapping technology passes the outline down heuristically. Ultimately, the shrinkwrapping algorithm is used to segment the teeth outlines automatically. With 14 cases (28～32 teeth samples) of a maxillary tooth cone beam CT tomography image sequences, at the same situation, we extract the contours of the sample with our method and the traditional method respectively. We determined the time of each tooth and the average distance between extracted contour and the real contour. From the experimental result, we concluded that the average time of our automatic extracting algorithm was about 23% of the traditional interactively algorithm time. The quality with our method is similar to traditional extracted contour. This method can provide a feasible and efficient approach to automatically segment CT slices featured areas, and further provide a new idea to improve the contour automatic extracting and image 3D reconstruction algorithm.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 46-54 [Abstract] ( 462 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4486 KB)  ( 614 )
55 16-SPCEAmperometric PSA Immunosensor Modified by Gold Nanoparticles Electrodeposition
Wang Zehua1,2 Zeng Dongdong2 Zhang Huan2 Mi Xianqiang2*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.008
Numerous studies have been reported about electrochemical immunosensor in recent years, while there still exist some shortcomings like complex preparation processes, low sensitivity, bad specificity and high cost. The purpose of this study is to improve the immunosensor performance using 16 channels screenprinted electrode (16SPCE) modified by gold nanoparticles electrodeposition. The surface of 16SPCE was modified by gold nanoparticles which was reduced by HAuCl 4 through potentiostatic deposition. HAuCl 4  solution with concentration of 005 mg/mL and deposition time of 150 s were the best condition for the 16SPCE modified by gold nanoparticles. Prostate antigen (PSA) antibody was fixed to the electrode surface based on electrostatic adsorption principle and PSA immunity electrode was made using double antibody sandwich method. The electrode performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry method and steady state IT curves method. The results of serum PSA levels detected by the immunosensor from 30 prostate cancer patient samples and 3 normal samples were consistent with those of ELISA method. The linear range of the immunesensor is from 0.2 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, the linear regression equation is  Y=134.558X+72.705, the linear correlation coefficient is 1 and the detection limit is 0.14 ng/mL. The results of serum PSA level from prostate cancer patient samples detected by the immunesensor show a good linear correlation with those of ELISA (R=0.944, P<0.001) and the results of serum PSA levels from normal samples are in the range of normal values. It means that the immunesensor based on 16 channel screenprinted electrode modified by gold nanoparticles has the advantages of high sensitivity, good specificity, low cost and short response time. The electrode shows promising clinical setting in the future.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 55-61 [Abstract] ( 554 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1152 KB)  ( 727 )
62 Sonodynamic Therapy Enhanced Tumor Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Autophagy
Feng Xiaolan Wang Pan Wang Xiaobing*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.009
This study is aimed to determine whether autophagy occurred aftor SDT, and to investigate its relationship with apoptosis. S180 cells were examined after SDT induction with ultrasound at a frequency of 1.1MHz and a power of 3W with the presence of 1 μg/ml protoporphyrin Ⅸ. MTT assay was used to evaluated cell viability, DAPI staining was employed to examine the nuclear damage during apoptosis, the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential（MMP）, western blot was applied to assess the processing of LC3Ⅰto LC3Ⅱ and acriding orange staining was used to identify the formation of acidic vesicle organelles (AVOs). Following SDT treatment, the cell viability was 593% and the apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation and MMP loss (MFI=971.28) were prominent, autophagy was indentified by the increased LC3II expression. The relationship between autophagy and apoptosis was studied by applying pharmacological inhibition of autophagy or apoptosis. Data indicated that autophagy (1 h) occurred earlier than apoptosis (8 h). The autophagy inhibitors either 3methyladenine（3MA）or bafilomycin A1（Ba A1）led to increased dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. DAPI staining further confirmed that autophagy inhibitors enhanced SDT induced cell apoptosis. This article illustrated autophagy participated in SDT caused S180 cell death, and autophagy special inhibitors promoted cellular apoptotic response to SDT.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 62-69 [Abstract] ( 562 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (17518 KB)  ( 172 )
70 Research on the Construction of Small Diameter Tissue Engineering Blood Vessel Based on #br#  Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Spider Silk Protein Vascular Scaffold
Zhao Liang1,2 Xu Yanli1 He Meng1 Li Min1
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.010

In this work, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and spider silk protein vascular scaffolds were compositely cultured to construct small diameter tissue engineering blood vessel under the dynamic condition, aiming to provide new source of vascular grafts for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Mesenchymal stem cells were cultivated onto the lumen of tubular vascular scaffold under the dynamic culture condition. By means of scanning electronic microscope, HE stain, suture strength test, DNA content detection and hydroxyproline index determination, the formation degree of tissue engineering blood vessel was evaluated. After cultured for 7 days, cells not only fully spread out on the surface of nanofibrous scaffold, but also migrated into fiber interior, showing the vascular scaffold good compatibility. Suture strength of tissue engineering blood vessel was 0.5±0.2 N, which was 29.% of natural blood vessels. The DNA and hydroxyproline content in the tissue engineering blood vessel continually increased over time, and hydroxyproline content on the day 14 and 28 reached 0.6 and 0.2μg/mg respectively, which had significant difference in statistics compared with control group. A kind of small diameter tissue engineering blood vessel was successfully constructed with ideal indexes, which laid foundation for its clinical application.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 70-76 [Abstract] ( 461 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (7629 KB)  ( 210 )
77 Technological Progresses of the Magnetic Resonance Electrical-Property Tomography of Human Tissues#br#
Zhou Jie1 Xia Jing1 Gu Linyan1 Chen Jin2 Cai Guolong2 Ning Gangmin1#*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.011
Chronic diseases have become a big health challenge. Prevention and health care are the best ways to handle chronic diseases. More and more researchers devote themselves to develop selfmanagement systems which can give chronic patients a great offer of managing the health by themselves. In the last decade, persuasive technology which is recognized as a kind of computer aiding technology that can change people’s attitudes and behaviors, is developed rapidly and has been widely used in various fields. The integration of persuasive technology and selfmanagement can help chronic patients to form proper attitudes, behaviors and habits, which can enhance the compliance of patients  and thus improve the efficiency of selfmanagement. This paper introduces the definition, principle and application of persuasive technology and focuses on its application and future development in selfmanagement of chronic diseases.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 77-82 [Abstract] ( 292 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (771 KB)  ( 2037 )
83 Technological Progresses of the Magnetic Resonance Electrical Property Tomography of Human Tissues
Xin Xuegang1,2#*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.012
It has been demonstrated that electrical properties, such as the conductivity and permitivity, are usually very different between healthy and tumor tissues. Therefore, the in vivo measurement of electrical properties may be a potential method for the early detection of cancers. In principle, the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system is  the interaction between the nonionized electromagnetic field, including strong static magnetic field, gradient magnetic field, and radiofrequency field, and the human tissues, thus the information of electrical properties is definitely embedded inside the MRI. Recently developed
technigue of in vivo magnetic resonance electrical property tomography (MR EPT) of human tissues are exactly the
technigue for the in vivo extraction of electrical properties from tissues. This paper introduces the background of MR EPT, analytically deduces the quantitatively relationship between the MRI radiofrequency field and the electrical properties of tissues based on the Maxwell’s equations, which are the governing equations for the description of the behaviors of electromagnetic fields inside tissues. The efficacy, deficiency and potentials of the MR EPT technique at 3 T and 7 T are respectively analyzed according to the international updated progress. The preliminary clinical research of in vivo measurement of electrical properties of healthy and tumor tissues using MR EPT technique is summarized, showing the promising future of this cuttingedge technique.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 83-90 [Abstract] ( 673 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (839 KB)  ( 1474 )
91 In vitro Hepatocyte Culture and Application for Drug Screening
Luo Nanshu1* Luo Nanying2
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.013
The liver is one of the most complex organs in the body, performs a multitude of functions, and is the important target organ for drug toxicity testing. To establish in vitro hepatic models is important ways for drug toxicity testing. Conventionally, in vitro cell culture has involved growing cells in different media compositions or layering them on matrices largely composed of natural ECM components such as collagen or matrigel.
However the hepatic function is likely to be decreased or lost. Kinds of more sophisticated techniques applied in hepatocyte culture are being derived that have better capture distinct features of the liver in the  in vivo  microenvironment. Three dimensional (3D) cultures of liver cells in 3D scaffolds, as spheroids or cell sheets, allow for a high degree of cell cell and cell matrix interaction, differentiation, better liver function and an in vivo like architecture. More recently, decellularized matrices have been used as scaffolds that support ideal cellmatrix interactions. In this review, we discussed the various configurations including 2D and 3D as spheroids, cell sheets and decellularized matrices that have been implemented in the  in vitro culture of liver cells and their application in tools for drug screening.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 91-98 [Abstract] ( 368 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3806 KB)  ( 596 )
99 Signal Response Gene Carriers
Wang Jing Liu Jian#* Xu Haiyan#*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.014
The gene carrier is one of key factors for gene therapy. Although nonviral gene carriers have advantages in terms of their safety, the low transfection efficiency is still a major drawback for the research and therapeutic applications. In order to enhance the gene delivery efficiency and specific targeting ability, as well as to control their systematic and intracellular distribution, signal responsive nonviral carriers have been investigated and developed intensively, which can response to various physical, chemical, or biological signals. In this review, typical signal responsive gene carriers are introduced and classified into certain types according to the signal number and source. The latest progress of signal responsive carriers including their molecular structures, responding mechanisms, and biomedical applications are introduced in detail.
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 99-108 [Abstract] ( 413 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3210 KB)  ( 566 )
109 Segmentation of Lung Parenchyma Based on Gray Level Integrated Projection and Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm
Gong Jing1 Wang Lijia1 Wang Yuanjun1 Sun Xiwen2 Nie Shengdong1*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.015
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 109-113 [Abstract] ( 471 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2536 KB)  ( 1383 )
114 The Measurement of Electrical Impedance Spectrum of Human Lung Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Zhang Yanqun Wang Shuyi* Wang Bingcao
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.016
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 114-118 [Abstract] ( 450 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3145 KB)  ( 581 )
119 The Ergonomic Design for Laparoscopic Instrument Handle
Zhou Xiaoqiang Liang Zhen* Sui Jianfeng He Shan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.017
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 119-123 [Abstract] ( 400 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1502 KB)  ( 1087 )
124 The Study of Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Measurements Based on B/S Structure
Wei Lifang1 Yu Lun2*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.01.018
2015 Vol. 34 (1): 124-128 [Abstract] ( 527 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1064 KB)  ( 820 )
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