A Review of Cryoprotectant Permeation into Articular Cartilage
1 Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,Ningbo 315100,Zhejiang, China
2 Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027, China
3 College of Aerospace Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics,Nanjing 210016, China
Abstract:Vitrification of articular cartilage (AC) has excited great interest due to the clinical and scientific significances of this tissue. Sufficient permeation throughout the tissue and minimization of accompanying damage to cells are required for successful vitrification of AC. The knowledge of permeation kinetics of cryoprotectant (CPA) in AC is important for designing the CPA addition protocol. In this review, developments on the permeation of CPA into AC are summarized from two aspects: measurement of CPA diffusion in AC and mathematical modeling of CPA transport in AC. A great of efforts have been made, which has led to the recent advancements in the field, but more investigations still deserved to be addressed, such as copermeation of multiple CPAs into AC, CPA permeation at subzero temperatures, and strengthening of CPA transport.
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