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2019 Vol. 38, No. 2 Published: 2019-04-20

Reviews Communications Regular Papers catalogue

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	127	catalogue


		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 127-128 [Abstract] ( 260 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (233 KB) ( 83 )

Regular Papers

	129	Research on the Influence of Classical Music and Rock Music on Working Memory Based on the Brain Network
		Li Ying, Zhang Dongying, Su Qing, Li Jipeng, Yan Wei
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.001
		Music is a medium for people to convey information and express their feelings, and meanwhile it has a great influence on the cognitive activities. In this paper, the improved Sternberg working memory task experiment was designed, and 20 subjects were selected to participate in the experiment. The EEG data of subjects in remembering English words under the background of classical music and rock music were collected and the cross-correlation method was used to calculate Pearson between channels. The brain function networks were built and the network properties were analyzed to explore the impact on working memory of two kinds of music stimulations. Results showed that the connections between the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe in the state of classical music and rock music were significantly increased compared to that in the state without music, and the connection in the state of rock music was significantly greater than that in the state of classical music. Compared to the brain functional network in the state without music, rock music and classical music stimulations increased the node degree, betweenness center degree, clustering coefficient and closeness, shortened the average path length, enhanced the small world property and improved the global efficiency. It was shown that the music stimulations improved the activity of the brain. It was proved that different music stimulations have significant impacts on the learning task. The results of behavioral data showed that the correct response rates of the subjects under no music stimulation, classical music state and rock music state were about 91%, 86% and 80%, respectively, and the average response times under three states were 728 ms, 761 ms and 818 ms, respectively. It could be seen that the music stimulations reduced the correct response rates of the subjects and increased the response times, which indicated that the musical stimulations interfere with the working memory.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 129-137 [Abstract] ( 920 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (7191 KB) ( 520 )

	138	BCG Signal De-Noising Method ResearchBased on EMD-ICA
		Jiang Xing, Geng Duyan, Zhang Yuanyuan, Fu Zhigang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.002
		Ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal is a physiological signal reflecting heart mechanical status. It can achieve continuous acquisition measurement without electrodes constraint. However, BCG signal is so weak that it would often be interfered by superimposed noises. Aiming to eliminate the noise and recognize BCG signal characteristics effectively, this paper proposed a de-noising method of BCG signal based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and independent component analysis (ICA). Firstly, the noisy BCG signal was decomposed by EMD to obtain a series of intrinsic mode components (IMF) ranked by frequency in descending order, and the EMD mode was used to distinguish the boundary of noise and useful signal and remove the maximum noise. Secondly, the IMF components of above the boundary were employed to construct a virtual noise channel, and the blind source was separated with the original BCG signal based on ICA algorithm to extract the de-noising BCG signal. Acquisition of 10 healthy subjects BCG signals for noise reduction processing. Quantitative evaluation results indicated that the proposed method significantly increased SNR (14.87±3.04,P<0.05) compared with wavelet method (11.01±1.58) and EMD method (5.19±1.29), significantly increasing energy percentage (96.64%±2.92%,P<0.05) compared with wavelet method (88.81%±2.81%) and EMD method (96.15%±2.96%), which proved that the proposed method was effective in the reconstruction of the characteristics of BCG.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 138-145 [Abstract] ( 673 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1588 KB) ( 973 )

	146	Lumen and Media-Adventitia Borders Detection in IVUS Images Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks
		Yuan Shaofeng, Yang Feng, Xu Lin, Wu Yangyang, Huang Jing, Liu Yaqin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.003
		This paper presented an improved method based on stacked hourglass networks (SHGN) and conditional generative adversarial networks (C-GAN) for detecting lumen (LU) and media-adventitia (MA) borders in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images to overcome the problems of interference factors, such as different kinds of plaques, ultrasound shadow and branches of vessels. According to the specific shape of coronary artery, several approaches used for data augmentation were applied to increase the number of IVUS samples in training set, including rotating every other 10 degrees, scaling up or down and implementing gamma transformation, in order to reduce the risk of over-fitting during the training stage. Subsequently, in the spirit of adversarial training, a joint loss function based on L1 or L2 loss was constructed and the networks learned a mapping between input IVUS images and their corresponding ground-truths, to segment the whole image into three regions: non-vessel, plaque and lumen regions. Lastly, LU and MA borders were obtained by a thresholding method. Experiments were performed on an international reference dataset containing 435 IVUS images from 10 patients and a small dataset of 100 frames from department of cardiology in Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region. Quantitative evaluation results showed that the average Jaccard Measures (JM) of two borders of interest were 93% and 95%, the average percentage of area difference measures (PAD) for both was 3%, and average Hausdorff distance measures (HD) were 0.19 mm and 0.16 mm, respectively. These evaluation metrics could meet clinical demands, and the performance of our method was better than those of algorithms evaluated on the same reference dataset and the Pix2Pix model′s performance. Successful detection results on Guangzhou General Hospital dataset demonstrated that the proposed method has good generalization on cross-dataset.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 146-145 [Abstract] ( 588 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (10106 KB) ( 189 )

	157	Hard Exudates Detection Method Based on Generative Adversarial Networks in Color Fundus Images
		Long Shengchun, Chen Jiali, Huang Xiaoxiao, Chen Zhiqing,
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.004
		Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes and one of the most common causes of visual impairment. Hard exudates (HE) are early symptoms of DR, and its detection plays a key role in screening DR using fundus images. In this study, an automatic computational method based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for HE detection was proposed and evaluated on a publicly available database (e-ophtha EX). Compared with the general Convolutional Neural Network (CNN),GANs was composed of the generator G and the discriminator D, the mutual game and competition between them made the GANs detect HE in color fundus images more accurately. Firstly, the center of optic disc (OD) was located by considering its vessels features and brightness information, and masked to avoid interference with HE detection. Secondly, the generator G and the discriminator D were trained on e-ophtha EX dataset alternately, with the optimal model determined, which had the best segmentation effect on the validation dataset. The proposed algorithm was validated on e-ophtha EX database on pixel level, achieving the overall average sensitivity, PPV and F-score of 88.6%, 84.3% and 86.4%. It was then tested on another independent database (DIARETDB1) with the overall average sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100%, 96.2% and 97.8%, respectively. In summary, the evaluation results on both retinal image databases demonstrated the effectiveness of using GANs for automatic HE detection.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 157-165 [Abstract] ( 632 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (5395 KB) ( 597 )

	166	Joint and Deep Ensemble Regression of Clinical Scores for Alzheimer′s Disease Using Longitudinal andIncomplete Data
		Yang Mengya, Hou Wen, Yang Peng, Zou Wenbin, Wang Tianfu, Lei Baiying
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.005
		Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with an irreversible and progressive process, and thus close monitoring is essential for making adjustments in the treatment plan. Since clinical scores can indicate the disease status effectively, the prediction of the scores based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data is highly desirable. Different from previous studies at a single time point, we proposed to build a model to explore the relationship between MRI data and scores, thereby predicting longitudinal scores at future time points from the corresponding MRI data. The model incorporated three parts, correntropy regularized joint learning based features election, deep polynomial network based feature encoding and finally, support vector regression. The regression process was carried out for two scenarios. One was desirable in practice, which is to use baseline data for predictions at future time points, and the other was to further improve the prediction accuracy, which was to combine all the previous data for the prediction at the next time point. Meanwhile, the missing scores were filled in the second scenario to address the incompleteness presented in the data. We predicted longitudinal scores at future time points by the proposed model. Besides, the corresponding average absolute error and Pearson correlation were calculated to estimate the experimental results. In scenario 1, the average absolute value was 2.01, 2.06, 2.06, 2.27, 2.00 and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.70, 0.69, 0.56, 0.65, 0.67. In the scenario 2, the average absolute error was 0.14, 0.10, 0.09, 0.08 and the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.72, 0.75, 0.78, 0.74. The simulation results validated that the proposed model described accurately the relationship between MRI data and scores, and thus was effective in predicting longitudinal scores.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 166-175 [Abstract] ( 432 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (6827 KB) ( 513 )

	176	Prediction of Histological Grade and Ki-67 Expression inBreast Cancer by DCE-MRI and DWI Features
		Zhao Wenrui, Xu Maosheng, Wang Shiwei, Fan Ming, Li Lihua
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.006
		The purpose of this study was to predict the histological grade of breast cancer and Ki-67 expression using features extracted from dynamic contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). In this study, 144 cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma were collected, which have not experienced breast surgery or chemotherapy before MRI examination. DW and DCE-MR images were obtained from preoperative breast MRI examination using a 3T scanner, and ADC map was calculated from DWI. Breast tumor segmentation was performed on all of the image series. After that, image features of texture, statistic, and morphological features of breast tumor were extracted on both the DW and DCE-MR images. The unsupervised discriminative feature selection (UDFS) and Fisher Score algorithm were used for feature selection. The classification model was established on these images respectively, and the classifiers of single-parametric image were fused for prediction. In order to evaluate the classifier performance, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated in a leave-one-out cross-validation analysis. The predictive model based on the second postcontrast image series of DCE-MRI generated an AUC of 0.780 with the specificity and sensitivity of 0.647 and 0.934 respectively in histological grade task, while in Ki-67 expression task, the model based on DWI generated an AUC of 0.756 with the specificity and sensitivity of 0.806 and 0.695, respectively. After multi-classifier fusion using features both from the DWI and DCE-MRI, the classification result was increased to AUC of 0.808 with the specificity and sensitivity of 0.706 and 0.895 respectively in histological grade prediction task, and generated an AUC of 0.783 with the specificity and sensitivity of 0.778 and 0.722 respectively in Ki-67 expression prediction task. In conclusion, it was showed that compared with each single parametric image alone, the performance of the classifier could be improved by combining features of DCE-MRI and DWI.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 176-183 [Abstract] ( 643 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (921 KB) ( 613 )

	184	Automatic Extraction Method for Feature of Nanogold-Based Membranes Array Image
		Yi Xin, Luo Xiaogang, Qian Ye, Huo Danqun, Hou Changjun
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.007
		As a colorimetric sensor that is able to detect heavy metal ion, nanogold-based membranes have the advantages of high speed, accuracy and high specificity. Currently, processing image one by one manually is the main method used for extracting the sensor′s color features, which is inefficient, is easy to introduce human error, and the reproducibility of the acquired feature information is also poor. In order to solve these problems, here we proposed a two-stage automatic feature extraction method based on HSI color space and seeded region growing (SRG) on the basis of array image of the nanogold-based membrane. At the first stage, the array image was transformed from RGB space to HSI space to complete rough segmentation, spots-gridding and filtering; based on the first stage, the second stage proposed a seeded region growing (SRG) algorithm with similarity measurement based on hue attractive force (HAF) and intensity attractive force (IAF), which combined the adjacency characteristic of physical location of pixel of SRG algorithm and adjacency characteristic of color space of HAF and IAF to realize the precise segmentation and feature extraction effectively. In the experiment, 10 sheets of 5*5 paper-based arrays (250 reaction points in total) were used to test the accuracy and stability of this feature extraction method, and 10 sheets of paper-based arrays of different sizes were used to test the self-adaptation characteristics. The results of the experiment showed that the average error of the feature extraction method was less than 1%, maximum error and standard error was less than 5%, and the correct rate was 100% for arrays of different sizes. In conclusion, the proposed method was high in accuracy, stability, and adaptability.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 184-191 [Abstract] ( 411 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (4601 KB) ( 254 )

	192	Effects of Matrigel on the Biocompatibility of Implantable Glucose Sensor Outer Materials Chitosan
		Shen Hao, Liu Jun, Jing Weiwei, Suo Yongkuan, Chang Shijie, Sha Xianzheng
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.008
		Currently implantable glucose sensors cannot attain normally work. Chitosan has the characteristics of non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, allowing a good candidate for uses as protective films of the outer layer of the sensors. However, it still cannot meet the requirements in clinical practice The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Matrigel with different concentrations on the biocompatibility of porous chitosan membranes. We used a template leaching technique to prepare porous chitosan membranes (PCSMs). Silica gel was used as the porogen. PCSMs were coated with Matrigel, by dropping different concentrations of Matrigel (10, 15, 20 mg/mL). The PCSMs coated with or without Matrigel were implanted into the back subcutaneous tissues of male SD rats. The implanted membranes with surrounding tissues were taken out at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks. Paraffin section was made with routine procedure. Inflammatory reaction, fibrous capsule thickness and vascular density around the membrane were analyzed by using morphological method and statistical method, comprehensively discussed the biological compatibility of membrane materials were evaluated comprehensively. Morphological observation: nuclei around the membranes were obvious at day 7 and day 14. The number of the inflammatory cells around the PCSMs with different concentrations of Matrigel was less than those of the PCSMs (control group) at the first 7 days. Then the inflammatory cells of the experimental group (with Matrigel) were higher than that of the porous chitosan membrane (control group) at day 14. Variance analysis showed no significant differences between the two groups. Fibrous capsule began to form at day 28, accompanying inflammatory cells decreased, and some collagen accumulated on the surface of membranes. The fibrous capsule became dense over time, the thickness of fibrous capsule decreased obviously at day 56 and day 70. The thickness of fibrous capsule thickness of the experimental group was less than the control group. Variance analysis results showed that the significant difference between experimental group and control group (P< 0.05). Using Bonferroni method, the difference between the control group and experimental group with the 20 mg/mL Matrigel was significantly different at day 42, day 56 and day 70. Near the skin, the P values were 0.01, 0.035 and 0.024; near muscle the p values were 0.036, 0.047 and 0.210. No obvious difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Vascular density around the membranes of each group increased overtime. The general difference between the experimental group and control group was not significant. However differences among the individual data were obvious. Vascular density of some of the PCSM coated with Matrigel was lower than that of the PCSM group. In general, Matrigel can improve the biocompatibility of the porous chitosan membranes to some degree. This can be reflected by the animal experiments.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 192-200 [Abstract] ( 430 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (11370 KB) ( 111 )

	201	Study on the Preparation and Blood Compatibility of Acellular Vascular Scaffold with Triton-x100 and Salvianolic Acid B
		Zhao Liang, Li Xiafei, Li Chengcheng, Yan Huanhuan, Zhang Qiqing
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.009
		To compare the physicochemical properties and blood compatibility of two kinds of acellular vascular stents prepared by traditional Triton-x100 method and salvianolic acid B with Triton-x100. To explore the prospect of the application of salvianolic acid B post-treated acellular vascular stents in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the development of tissue engineering vascular materials. A total of 16 SD rats, male and 7 weeks old, with a mass of 250 g, were included and randomly divided into 2 groups, 8 in each group. Two kinds of acellular vascular scaffolds prepared by Triton-x100 method (Tx group) and Triton-x100 adding salvianolic acid B method (Tx-sal group) were implanted. The macroscopical morphology, hydrophilicity, in vitro hemolysis rate and the determination of coagulation time of complex calcification were investigated. The blood compatibility of two groups of acellular scaffold was compared on the basis of a series of experiments. The contact angle of Tx group was (76.36±4.647), Tx-sal group was (71.26±3.553), and Tx group was slightly higher than Tx-sal group, which didn′t have significant difference in statistics. Hemolysis rate in the group of Tx-sal was 1.5% and hemolysis rate in the group of Tx was 2.1%. The coagulation time of recalcification in Tx group was (212±11.32) s, and that of Tx-sal group was (231±13.53) s. There was significant difference in the coagulation time between Tx group and Tx-sal group. Group Tx-sal had delayed coagulation time and had better anticoagulation when compared with group Tx. The platelet count in the group of Tx-sal was lower than that in the group of Tx. The level of complement activation was lower in the group of Tx-sal. In conclusion, the acellular scaffold with salvianolic acid B had better blood compatibility than the acellular scaffold prepared by traditional Triton-x100 method.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 201-207 [Abstract] ( 367 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (872 KB) ( 577 )

	208	Study on the Antibacterial Activity and Biocompatibility of TiN Coated Ti-6Al-4V Implanted with Cu²⁺
		Chu Shanshan, Wan Rongxin, Lv Xiaofei, Gu Hanqing, Peng Cheng
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.010
		The aim of this work is to investigate and compare the antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V carrying TiN implanted with Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ respectively. L929 cells were incubated on blank control group - Ti-6Al-4V (titanium alloy group), negative control group -TiN coated Ti-6Al-4V (TiN group), positive control group -TiN coated Ti-6Al-4V surface conjugated with Ag (Ag group), experimental group - TiN coated Ti-6Al-4V surface conjugated with Cu (Cu group). The cytoskeleton morphology of the cells was observed by laser confocal scanning. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the spreading, adhesion and growth of cells on the substrates. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 assay. The straphylococcus aureus solution was dropwise added to the surface of each group of samples. After 24 h incubation, the number of viable bacteria colonies on the surface of the material was determined by the plate count method. The contact angle reflects the hydrophilzicity of the material. XPS reflects the surface elements composition of the material and ICP-MS can reflect the amount of ion precipitation of the target element of the material. CLSM and SEM: The cells in the Ag group and the Cu group were dense, meanwhile spread and adhered on the substrates, showing slab pseudopods and filopodia. CCK-8 result: After 1 day, 3 day, and 5 day incubation, viable cells in Ag group and Cu group were more than those on the titanium alloy group and the TiN group, which proved that the two groups had no apparent toxicity. Plate count method: The Ag group and Cu group had fewer colonies; the bacteriostasis rate was 91%±2% and 87%±2% respectively. CLSM and SEM: The bacteria adhered on Cu group and Ag group was less than those on titanium alloy group and TiN group. The integrity of bacterial wall was damaged and even broken. The Cu group and Ag group showed similar cell compatibility and antibacterial property.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 208-215 [Abstract] ( 362 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (12890 KB) ( 108 )

Reviews

	216	Progress of Alzheimer′s Disease Research Based on PET Imaging
		Wang Zhiqiang, Yao Xufeng, Huang Gang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.011
		Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been widely used for the diagnosis of AD in the clinic. ¹⁸F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) and beta-amyloid positron emission tomography (Aβ PET) are two commonly used diagnostic techniques in PET and play an important role in the diagnosis of AD. This article described the application of FDG PET, Aβ PET and joint imaging from two aspects of diagnostic effect evaluation and identification of dementia types. In addition, we compared the diagnosis of AD for PET and MRI imaging and summarized the existing problems. At the same time, new developments of AD diagnosis were expected.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 216-221 [Abstract] ( 907 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (781 KB) ( 993 )

	222	Research Progress of the Quantitative Evaluation Methods in Human Gait Symmetry
		Lin Yingjie, Wu Jianning, Lin Lihui
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.012
		Gait symmetry is one of the important characteristics of human gait. Objectively quantifying the gait symmetry is a hot issue that has attracted extensive attention in the field of gait analysis. This paper reviewed the objective quantitative evaluation methods of gait symmetry based on discrete quantitative analysis, continuous quantitative analysis and statistical quantitative analysis, which have been put forward successively in related research in the past 30 years. Wearable, networked, and intelligent have become the main technical characteristics of the symmetry of the current quantitative evaluation gait. Searching for new gait symmetry models, new gait symmetry quantitative indicators, and advanced quantitative gait symmetry technical measures are the key issues that need to be addressed in current related research and future development trends.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 222-232 [Abstract] ( 551 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (925 KB) ( 1220 )

	233	Study on the Exercise Strategy of Osteoporosis Prevention in Elderly Population
		Sun Yuewan, Wang Dongmei, Wang Wei, Sun Jingchuan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.013
		With the aggravation of aging in China,the incidence of osteoporosis is increasing rapidly. As one of the three major treatment and prevention methods of osteoporosis, sports therapy is being paid more and more attention and popularized by its reliable, convenient, safe and cheap features. At the same time, sports therapy also has the characteristics of improving the strength of the muscle, balance ability and the quality of life of the elderly population, so it is becoming the most important method to prevent osteoporosis. This paper systematically reviewed the methods, effects and characteristics commonly used in exercise therapy from three aspects: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and vibration exercise, and compared and summarized the issues. In addition, this paper discussed and summarized the intensity and frequency used in the exercise prevention strategy. At the end of the article, we pointed out the problems that need to be solved in the exercise strategy of osteoporosis prevention, which would be helpful for researchers to further develop their investigations.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 233-239 [Abstract] ( 448 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (807 KB) ( 620 )

	240	The State of the Art in 3D Printed Ti-Based Orthopedic Implants
		Zhen Zhen, Wang Jian, Xi Tingfei, Liu Bin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.014
		3D printing technology has developed rapidly in the field of orthopedic implanted medical devices in recent years. It can customize the shape of the implant according to patient needs and precisely control the complex microstructure, thus achieving the double adaptation of the shape and mechanics between the implants and the human bone. Biomedical titanium and its alloys as the main raw materials of the orthopedic implants, have excellent biocompatibility. Recently the combination of 3D printing became the hot spot in the orthopedic implant research area. This review summarized the state of the art and trends of 3D printed Ti-based orthopedic implants.
		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 240-251 [Abstract] ( 638 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (15944 KB) ( 302 )

Communications

	252	Clinical Significance of Combined Detection of Biological Markers in Pulmonary Embolism
		Xu Hui, Li Yuanyuan, Zhao Dengfeng
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2019.02.015

		2019 Vol. 38 (2): 252-256 [Abstract] ( 399 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1359 KB) ( 215 )

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