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2015 Vol. 34, No. 5
Published: 2015-10-20
513
Registration for Multi-Modal and Multi-Phase Images of Proximal Femur Based on Voxel Mutual Information
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.001
Image analysis is a common method for evaluation of proximal femur osteoporosis and femoral head necrosis. This method evaluates patient’s condition based on images of proximal femur with different modes and phases. However, because the images are generated in different systems and the positions of the patient relative to systems are different, the positions of anatomical points in different images are not one-to-one consistent. We need to align points of images with different modes and phases before we can research on interesting area. To solve the problem, we proposed a solution to get spatial rigid transformation through image pre-processing, voxels segmentation of femur based on dualthreshold combined with Bayes decision rule, and femurs registration based on normalized mutual information. The error of CT-MR registration and CT-CT registration were below 4 mm and 2 mm respectively. Using the matrix transfer relationship, rigid transformation between any two images based on multiphase CT-CT registration matrix was obtained. On this basis, image fusion of any two images, point-to-point analysis and quantitative evaluation of osseous and blood supply condition were processed. The interesting area in images with different modes and phases through the solution was compared.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 513-521 [
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271
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522
A Hierarchical Image Edge Detection Method Based on Orientation Sensitivity of Visual Pathway with Synaptic Connections
Wang Dian Fan Yingle
*
Zhang Mengnan Wu Wei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.002
The orientation sensitivity of human visual pathway plays a key role in contour perception, and this feature provides vital information for image understanding. In this paper, a new method of image edge detection based on visual direction sensitive mechanism was proposed. Using the physical structure feature of ganglion cells and LGN neurons receptive field distributing centripetal, a subcortex multidirection sensitive function layer was constructed to transform visual incentive to pulse sequence, and neural spiking information were fused to get an edge sensitive image; then a primary visual cortex function layer with removing optical direction receptive field was built to code on the spike sequence generated by the former layer according to first spike time. The edge detection result was obtained through lateral inhibition and threshold processing. In this paper, colony images with fuzzy hierarchy and rich details were taken for processing. The results of hierarchical edge detection were assessed by the confidence of edge, reconstruction similarity and weighted sum of them. It was proved that our method can completely detect image edge and effectively filter out texture noise. And the mean value of weighted sum index was 0.7468, significantly higher than other methods compared. The new method of edge detection proposed in the paper provides a new idea for the image processing and understanding based on orientation sensitivity of visual pathway.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 522-532 [
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320
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533
The Application of Attribute MultiHierarchical Relationship in the Six-Classification Technology of Leucocyte Morphology
Hao Lianwang
1,2
Hong Wenxue
1*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.003
Leukocyte morphology with mixed attributes is a complex system with attribute multi-hierarchical relationship. The six-classification technology of leukocyte morphology can be achieved effectively by sufficient expression and variable level use of hierarchical attribute. A novel method of leukocyte morphology classification based on attribute multi-hierarchical relationship was proposed. The decision relationships and associated relationships of classification were obtained based on analysis of leukocyte morphology features attribute multi- hierarchical relationship. The classifier was established according to the relationships and reached an average classification accuracy of 95.98% significantly higher than the other 3 kinds of classical algorithm in a contrast experiment to a dataset of 952 hospital actual leukocyte images. Experimental results show that the method has a better classification performance, and also prove that attribute multi-hierarchical relationship of complex system has brilliant perspective on pattern recognition.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 533-539 [
Abstract
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255
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540
Brain Image Fusion Based on Online Dictionary Learning and Pulse Coupled Neural Network
Zong Jingjing
1,2
Qiu Tianshuang
1#*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.004
Medical image fusion is an important issue in the field of medical imaging and radiation medicine, and is widely recognized by medical and engineering fields. In this study, a new algorithm of brain CT and MR image fusion was proposed based on the online dictionary learning (ODL) and pulse coupled neural network (PCNN). First, the source images were divided into patches using the sliding window technology, and then the ODL algorithm and LARS algorithm were used to get the sparse coding coefficient of corresponding column vector of each image patch. Second, the sparse coding coefficient was selected as the external stimulus input of the pulse coupled neural network for iterative processing, and the fusion coefficient was determined by firing times. At last, the fusion image was reconstructed according to the fusion coefficients and the learned dictionary. Based on CT and MR brain data of 10 groups that from the Harvard Medical School, and compared with the KSVD-based fusion method, the ODL-based fusion method and the NSCT-based fusion method, the experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm was superior to the other algorithms in terms of subjective visual effects and objective evaluation index. The average of objective parameters BSSIM, MI, Piella, SF, STD, Q
AB/F
were 0.751 2, 3.769 6, 0.697 1, 29.526 7, 90.090 6, 0.570 7, and the fusion results can provide abundant information to help medical doctors to analyze the pathological tissue, thus it can improve the accuracy of clinical medical diagnosis and make efficient treatment plans.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 540-547 [
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404
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548
Different Stimulation Effects between Monophasic Pulses and Biphasic Pulses in Deep Brain Stimulation
Hu Na Feng Zhouyan
*
Guo Zheshan Wang Zhaoxiang Yu Ying
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.005
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been developed for treating brain diseases such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Narrow pulses are the most commonly used stimulation waveforms of DBS. However, the differences between the stimulation effects of monophasic pulses and biphasic pulses are not clear yet. To investigate the different stimulation effects on deep brain tissue by different pulse waveforms, monophasic and biphasic pulses with different polarity and different patterns (single or train) were respectively applied in the afferent fibers and the efferent fibers of the hippocampus CA1 region in anaesthetized rats. Responses of single neurons and neuronal populations in the CA1 region were examined to quantitatively analyze the effect of different stimulation waveforms. Results of total 18 animal experiments were shown as following: 1) For single pulses stimulation with low intensity on the afferent fibers to evoke unit spikes orthodromically in the CA1 region, the evoked ratios of excitatoryphasefirst biphasic and excitatoryphase monophasic were
69.2%±10.4% and 65.0%±10% (n=6), respectively. These ratios were significantly higher than the evoked ratios of nonexcitatoryphasefirst biphasic and nonexcitatoryphase monophasic: 28.8%±9.5% and 34.2%±12.5% (n=6), respectively. In addition, the stimulation effect of biphasic pulses was dominated by first phases and was not significantly different from the effect of monophasic pulses without second phases. 2) For single pulses on the efferent fibers to evoke population spikes antidromically in the CA1 region, the stimulation effect of biphasic pulses was still similar to the effect of monophasic pulses without second phases (n=6). The effect of biphasic pulses was dominated by their first phases without significant effects of the second phases. 3) During 100 Hz highfrequency antidromic stimulations on the efferent fibers of CA1 region, in the 0.5 s period at the beginning of stimulation, the amplitude suppression of population spikes induced by monophasic pulses was 54.2%±21.3% and was significantly higher than the suppression induced by biphasic pulses 39.0%±10.2% (n=6). It was indicated that the effect of monophasic pulses was much stronger than the effect of biphasic pulses during high-frequency stimulations. However, trains of high-frequency monophasic pulses tended to cause damages to neuronal tissues. Therefore, biphasic pulse is more suitable for chronic therapy with highfrequency stimulation. These results are important for the further understanding of DBS mechanisms and for the efficiency and safety of wide applications of DBS in clinic.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 548-557 [
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597
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558
An Axial Motion Compensation Method for Synthetic Aperture Sequential Beamforming
Meng Xiaohui Li Hua
*
Wang Junlin
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.006
Synthetic aperture sequential beamforming (SASB) is a two-stage beamforming procedure, which can be applied to B-mode imaging with an implementation of low complexity compared to the traditional synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging. However, like the STA imaging, the SASB is susceptible to motion artifacts due to the summation of a number of RF-data created at different time instances. In this paper, a tissue motion estimation and compensation method was proposed. First, the inter\|firing motion was estimated by cross-correlating with extra firings. At last, the second stage beamformer created a set of high resolution image points by combining information from multiple first stage focused scan lines. Field II simulation results showed that the motion compensation method proposed in this paper exhibited enhanced ability to correct location of moving tissue. When the points were moving at 0.1 m/s, the average lateral resolution after motion compensation was only reduced by 2.03% comparing to the static case, and contrast reduction was 2.7 dB. Moreover, when cysts were moving at 0-2 m/s, the contrast resolution of image after motion compensation was only reduced by 8.53% comparing to the static case.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 558-565 [
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659
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566
Simulation and Experimental Research on the Impact of Skull in Magnetic Induction Tomography Signal Detection
Ke Li
*
Li Panpan Chen Hong Liu Huan Du Qiang
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.007
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of skull to magnetic induction tomography (MIT) signal detection through simulation and experiments. Firstly, a spherical brain model of three layers was established using Comsol software to simulate the effects of the skull conductivity to MIT signal detection. And then a multichannel magnetic induction tomography experimental system which consists of solenoid coil, rear circuit and data receiving apparatus was established, and a hierarchical model of cerebral hemorrhage was made of agar and NaCl solution which has a similar conductivity distribution with the real brain. The diameter of the model is 158 mm. Finally, in the two models with skull and without skull, the phase change of no lesion and different locations of simulating lesions were measured. The distance between the model center and detection coil is 85 mm. From the results, what can be seen is that, when the model with no lesion and lesions were on the coordinates of (-40,0), (0,0) and (40,0) of the X-Y plane, the proportion of the phase change between the models with and without skull is 0.57, 0.59, 0.42, 0.61 respectively. The coordinates of (-40,0) and (40,0) represent the position which has a distance of 45mm from incentive coil to y axis and a distance of 45mm from Y axis to incentive coil respectively. When there is a lesion, the change trend of the data in the model with and without skull is same, which means that the maximum appears on the coordinate of (-40,0), the second appears on the coordinate of (0,0), and the smallest appears on the coordinate of (40,0). The results show that, the skull has an effect of attenuation on the size of MIT signals, but the changing trend of measured data is not changed. The results also indicate that the image detection of intracranial lesions can be achieved without a record and contact using high precision hardware detection system in practical applications.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 566-573 [
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361
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574
The Hematoma Expansion and Increasing Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injuries in the Finite Element Simulation Analysis
Cao Libo
1
Fu Xiaolong
1*
Zhang Guanjun
1
Li Na
2
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.008
The aims of this study are to develop a threedimensional patientspecific finite element brain model with detailed anatomical structures, and proposed the corpuscular particle method to simulate the cerebral hematoma lead to changes in intracranial pressure. Geometrical data and position of the cerebral hematoma were extracted from a set of medical CT scan images. We used these data to adjust the head model of GHBMC to the geometry of head of patients. Then corpuscular particle method was used to simulate the cerebral hematoma lead to changes in intracranial pressure. Deviation of the cerebral ventricles in the two groups of simulation were 4.6 mm and 5.6 mm, Deviation of the brain midline were 3.7 mm and 3.9 mm, the value of intracranial pressure were stable in 2 680±20 Pa and 2 618±18 Pa. The actual deviation of cerebral ventricles were 4.8 mm and 4.9 mm, The actual deviation of brain midline were 3.7 mm and 3.9 mm, the actual value of intracranial pressure were 2 800 Pa and 2 666 Pa. The data of simulation was in accordance with the actual data. Results showed that the corpuscular particle method was used to simulate analysis of hematoma expansion and intracranial pressure was feasible in theory. This paper can provide the theoretical foundation for the useful clinical application.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 574-580 [
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363
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581
FPGA Based Experimental Platform for High Frequency Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging
Zhou Zheng Zheng Zheng
#*
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.009
High frequency ultrasound imaging has been extensively applied to smallscale tissue observation in clinic and biomedical research area because of its high-resolution. New processing algorithms have ceaselessly been proposed in this area to improve the image quality. A flexible experimental platform which function can be changed by programming is needed to test the new algorithms. This kind of platform should have the ability to adapt different frequencies of the probes. It also needs to provide sufficient resources to host the algorithms under test and of course the convenient debugging tool is another necessity. We recently developed a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based experimental platform for these purposes. It scans the tissue by single element probe which central frequency is between 10 MHz and 50 MHz. The platform features an independent scanning control unit to ensure that data acquiring process is always right and the resulting realtime B-mode images are displayed on a screen no matter the algorithm under test works well or not. There is a largescale FPGA on board to host the algorithm under test, and many general purpose processing modules, such as bandpass filter, orthogonal demodulation, down sampling, amplitude detecting and logarithmic compression modules are prepared in the FPGA. In addition, we developed a debug tool. With this tool one can read RAMs outside the FPGA at any addresses and move the data into a computer connected to the FPGA by JTAG. The software based on the MATLB can plot the data on the computer screen as a waveform or a B-mode image depends on the dimensionality of the data that are under check. We tested the platform by scanning the volunteers’ eyes with a 10 MHz probe. Results show that the band-pass filter is effective in reducing the RF noise. It is also showed that, in the condition of 50 MHz clock rate, the total time from the data is sampled to demodulated is only 85.34 μs for each A-line of 64 mm deep, while amplitude detection and logarithmic compression take 340 ns only.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 581-588 [
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484
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589
The Microneedle Array of Dry Electrodes Based on MEMS and its Applications in the Electrophysiological Signals Acquisition
Jiang Xiaomei Zhang Junran
*
Zhang Kun Zhou Bo Chen Fuqin
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.010
Electrophysiological signals directly reflect health status, and with the emergence of a variety of portable devices and wearable devices, electrophysiological signals acquisition is gaining more and more attention. In recent years, many researchers working on the acquisition electrodes of electrophysiological signals, so the microneedle array of dry electrodes based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies became mature gradually. The microneedle array of dry electrodes achieve electrophysiological signals acquisition continuously, chronically, effectively by using microneedles to penetrate into the examinee’s skin. Mironeedle array of dry electrodes gradually replace the traditional wet electrodes and get increasingly used because of its advantages of low cost, simple operation, not upset examinee, high quality of the acquisition. This article highlights the research value of microneedle array of dry electrodes by comparing with wet electrodes; combined with the latest research at home and abroad, reviews the processing technologies, improving technologies, and application status in the electrophysiological signals acquisition of microneedle array of dry electrodes; discusses the existing deficiencies of microneedle array of dry electrodes and makes a prospect for the future development trend.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 589-597 [
Abstract
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524
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598
A Review of Pediatric Biomechanical Experiments: Structural Response Tests
Bai Zhonghao
*
Chen Yafeng Bai Fanghua Jiang Binhui
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.011
From an ethical point of view, it is extremely difficult to propose wellcontrolled pediatric subject study aiming at understanding the injury mechanisms and establishing the associated tolerance values. As the consequence, the current development of child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and corresponding injury assessment reference values (IARVs) is based on the scaling data obtained from adult human cadaveric experiments. However, the accuracy of such scaling techniques in use has not yet been confirmed. There is also great demand of pediatric experimental data to validate the numerical models for children. To address these issues, this paper provides a detailed review of the experimental data and experimental methods available in literatures for the structure responses of body regions of children, including head, neck, thorax, abdomen, extremities and pelvis. The sled tests of pediatric cadavers and volunteers are also reviewed. Lastly, current stateofart is analyzed and future studies are suggested.
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 598-606 [
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389
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607
Development and Application of a KinectBased Upper-Limb Rehabilitation System
Qu Chang
1
Dai Aibo
1
Guo Aisong
2
Yu Chenchen
1
Zhu Xiaolong
1
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.012
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 607-612 [
Abstract
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392
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613
Design of Long Life Bladder Pressure Monitoring System
Xiong Hui
1*
Dong Kun
1
Ma Tianyi
1
Li Bin
1
Fan Zeya
1
Li Gang
2
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.013
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 613-617 [
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1884
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618
Research of Bioengineered Tumor Model in vitro Based on Three-Dimensional Cell Printing Technique
Shi Ran Xu Mingen
*
Zhou Qingqing Luo Li Li Huan Zheng Yuanyue
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.014
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 618-622 [
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325
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623
Biomechanical Analysis for Cylindrical Abdominal Aortic Stent-Grafts
Gu Xuelian
1*
Hu Fangqiu
1
Qi Yongxiang
1,2
Li Zhonghua
2
Song Chengli
1
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.015
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 623-628 [
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462
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629
Geometry Measures and Biomechanical Property Tests onHuman Thoracolumbar Vertebrae
Huang Jiansong
*
Li Zhengnian
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.016
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 629-633 [
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402
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634
Structure and Properties of Low Temperature Isotropic Pyrocarbon
Zhang Jianhui Song Yinchao Xia Wenli
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2015.05.017
2015 Vol. 34 (5): 634-639 [
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270
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Copyright © Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering
Supported by:
Beijing Magtech
