|
|
A Review of Pediatric Biomechanical Experiments: Structural Response Tests |
The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China |
|
|
Abstract From an ethical point of view, it is extremely difficult to propose wellcontrolled pediatric subject study aiming at understanding the injury mechanisms and establishing the associated tolerance values. As the consequence, the current development of child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and corresponding injury assessment reference values (IARVs) is based on the scaling data obtained from adult human cadaveric experiments. However, the accuracy of such scaling techniques in use has not yet been confirmed. There is also great demand of pediatric experimental data to validate the numerical models for children. To address these issues, this paper provides a detailed review of the experimental data and experimental methods available in literatures for the structure responses of body regions of children, including head, neck, thorax, abdomen, extremities and pelvis. The sled tests of pediatric cadavers and volunteers are also reviewed. Lastly, current stateofart is analyzed and future studies are suggested.
|
|
|
|
|
[1]Peden M. World report on child injury prevention [M]. World Health Organization, 2008.
[2]NHTSA. Traffic safety facts 2011 data—children [J]. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2014, 63(2): 243-245.
[3]Nahum A M, Melvin J. Accidental injury: biomechanics and prevention [M]. Springer, 2002.
[4]Mao H, Zhang L, Jiang B, et al.Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases [J]. Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2013, 13511): 111002.
[5]Yang J. Injury biomechanics in carpedestrian collisions: development, validation and application of humanbody mathematical models [D].Goteborg:Chalmers University of Technology, 1997.
[6]Yang KH, Hu J, White NA, et al. Development of numerical models for injury biomechanics research: a review of 50 years of publications in the Stapp Car Crash Conference[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2006, 50: 429-490.
[7]Svensson MY, Bostrom O, Davidsson J,et al. Neck injuries in car collisionsa review covering a possible injury mechanism and the development of a new rearimpact dummy [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2000, 32(2): 167-175.
[8]Iwamoto M, Kisanuki Y, Watanabe I, et al. Development of a finite element model of the total human model for safety (THUMS) and application to injury reconstruction[C]//Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference. Montpellier :International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury, 2002, 30: 121-126
[9]Ruan J, ElJawahri R, Chai L,et al. Prediction and analysis of human thoracic impact responses and injuries in cadaver impacts using a full human body finite element model[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal,2003,47:299-321.
[10]Dall'ara E, Luisier B, Schmidt R, Kainberger F,et al. A nonlinear QCTbased finite element model validation study for the human femur tested in two configurations in vitro [J]. Bone, 2013, 52(1): 27-38.
[11]Jiang B, Cao L, Mao H,et al. Development of a 10-yearold paediatric thorax finite element model validated against cardiopulmonary resuscitation data [J]. Computer Methods In Biomechanics And Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 17(11): 1185-1197.
[12]Huber C, Yang KH. Pediatric material properties: a review of human child and animal surrogates [J]. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2007, 35(3-4):197-342.
[13]Okamoto M, Takahashi Y, Mori F, et al. Development of finite element model for child pedestrian protection[C]//Experimental Safety Vehicles Conference. Washington, DC: Nhtsa, 2003: 151-159.
[14]Klinich KD, Hulbert GM, Schneider LW, et al. Estimating infant head injury criteria and impact response using crash reconstruction and finite element modeling[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2002, 46: 165-194.
[15]Roth S, Raul J S, Willinger R. Finite element modelling of paediatric head impact: Global validation against experimental data [J]. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2010, 99(1): 25-33.
[16]Roth S, Raul JS, Willinger R. Biofidelic child head FE model to simulate real world trauma [J]. Computer Methods And Programs in Biomedicine, 2008, 90(3): 262-274.
[17]Coats B, Margulies SS, Ji S. Parametric study of head impact in the infant [J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2007, 51:1-15.
[18]Zhang H, Hou M, Bai S,et al. The finite element study on zygomatic injury by impact in child [J]. Chinese Medical Journal, 2007, 87(20): 1420-1432.
[19]Dupuis R, Meyer F, Deck C, et al. Threeyearold child neck finite element modelization [J]. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 2006, 16(3): 193-202.
[20]Meyer F, Bourdet N, Roth R,et al. Three years old child neck FE modelling under automotive accident conditions [C]//Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury conference.Maastricht: International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury, 2007:277-290.
[21]Dong L, Li G, Mao H, et al.Development and validation of a 10-yearold child ligamentous cervical spine finite element model [J]. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2013, 41(12): 2538-2552.
[22]Mizuno K, Iwata K, Deguchi T, et al. Development of a threeyearold child FE model [J]. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2005, 6(4): 361-371.
[23]曹立波, 周舟, 蒋彬辉, 等. 10 岁儿童头部有限元模型的建立及验证 [J]. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2014, 31(1): 63-70.
[24]Yoganandan N, Arun M W, Pintar F A. Normalizing and scaling of data to derive human response corridors from impact tests [J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2014, 47(8): 1749-1756.
[25]Kent R. Frontal thoracic response to dynamic loading: the role of superficial tissues, viscera and the rib cage [J]. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2008, 13(3): 289-300.
[26]Prange MT, Luck J F, Dibb A, et al. Mechanical properties and anthropometry of the human infant head [J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2004, 48:279-299.
[27]Holck P. What can a baby’s skull withstand? Testing the skull’s resistance on an anatomical preparation [J]. Forensic Science International, 2005, 151(2): 187-191.
[28]Loyd A M. Studies of the human head from neonate to adult: an inertial, geometrical and structural analysis with comparisons to the ATD head [D]. Durham: Duke University, 2011.
[29]李志刚, 胡敬文, 张金换,等. 基于统计学的参数化儿童头部有限元模型的建立及碰撞事故再现 [J]. 清华大学学报:自然科学版, 2013, 52(11): 1631-1637.
[30]Li Z, Luo X, Zhang J. Development/global validation of a 6-monthold pediatric head finite element model and application in investigation of dropinduced infant head injury [J]. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2013, 112(3): 309-319.
[31]Luck J F, Nightingale R, Loyd AM,et al. Tensile mechanical properties of the perinatal and pediatric PMHS osteoligamentous cervical spine[J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2008, 52:107-134.
[32]Nuckley D J, Linders D R, Ching R P. Developmental biomechanics of the human cervical spine [J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2013, 46(6): 1147-1154.
[33]欧阳钧, 赵卫东, 李鉴轶,等.儿童颈椎弯曲及拉伸的生物力学评价 [J]. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2005, 7(10): 918-923.
[34]Ouyang Jun, Zhu Qingan, Zhao Weidong,et al. Biomechanical assessment of the pediatric cervical spine under bending and tensile loading [J]. Spine, 2005,
30(24): E716-E723.
[35]Ouyang J, Zhao W, Xu Y,et al. Thoracic impact testing of pediatric cadaveric subjects [J]. Journal of TraumaInjury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2006, 61(6): 1492-500.
[36]Parent D P, Crandall J, Bolton J,et al. Comparison of hybrid III child test dummies to pediatric PMHS in blunt thoracic impact response [J]. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2010, 11(4): 399-410.
[37]Kent R, LopezValdes FJ, Lamp J, et al. Characterization of the pediatic chest and abdomen using three postmortem human subjects[C]//22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). Washington, DC: Nhtsa, 2011: 394-402.
[38]Kent R, Salzar R, Kerrigan J,et al. Pediatric thoracoabdominal biomechanics[J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2009, 53:373-401.
[39]Kent R, Lessley D, Sherwood C Thoracic response to dynamic, nonimpact loading from a hub, distributed belt, diagonal belt, and double diagonal belts[J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2004, 48:495-519.
[40]Maltese M R, Castner T, Niles D, et al. Methods for determining pediatric thoracic forcedeflection characteristics from cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2008, 52:83-105.
[41]蒋彬辉. 儿童胸部有限元模型开发及损伤机理研究 [D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2013.
[42]Ouyang J, Zhu Q, Li Z, et al. Abdominal Impact Study on Pediatric Cadaveric Subjects [C]// Proceedings of the 11 th International Forum of Automotive Traffic Safety,Chong Qin: INFATS Secretariat, 2014: 303-310.
[43]Ouyang Jun, Zhu Qinggan, Zhao Weidong, et al. Experimental cadaveric study of lateral impact of the pelvis in children [J]. Academic Journal of the First Medical College of PLA, 2003, 23(5): 397-401, 408.
[44]Kim JE, Li Z, Ito Y, et al. Finite element model development of a child pelvis with optimizationbased material identification [J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2009, 〖STHZ〗42〖STBZ〗(13): 2191-2195.
[45]Ouyang Jun, Zhu Qinggan, Zhao Weidong,et al. Biomechanical character of extremity long bones in children [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy, 2003, 21(6): 620-623.
[46]欧阳钧, 朱青安, 赵卫东,等. 儿童四肢长骨的生物力学性质及其意义 [J]. 中国临床解剖学杂志, 2004, 21(6): 620-623.
[47]Dejeammes M, Tarriere C, Thomas C,et al. Exploration of biomechanical data towards a better evaluation of tolerance for children involved in automotive accidents[C] // The 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Orlando: SAE Publication, 1984:427-441.
[48]Wismans J, Maltha J, Melvin J, et al. Child restraint evaluation by experimental and mathematical simulation[C]// The 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Orlando: SAE Publication, 1979:381-601.
[49]Kallieris D, Barz J, Schmidt G, Heess G,et al. Comparison between child cadavers and child dummy by using child restraint systems in simulated collisions [C] // The 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Orlando: SAE Publication, 1976:511-541.
[50]Arbogast KB, Balasubramanian S, Seacrist T, et al. Comparison of kinematic responses of the head and spine for children and adults in lowspeed frontal sled tests[J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2009, 53:329-372.
[51]Nahum A M, Smith R, Ward C C. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact[C]// The 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Orlando: SAE Publication, 1977:338-359.
[52]Zhang L, Yang K H, Dwarampudi R, et al. Recent advances in brain injury research: a new human head model development and validation[J]. Stapp Car Crash J, 2001, 45:369-394.
[53]Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Pintar F A. Biomechanics of the cervical spine Part 2. Cervical spine soft tissue responses and biomechanical modeling [J]. Clinical Biomechanics, 2001, 16(1): 1-27. |
|
|
|