Abstract：Brain-computer interface, as a core technology for achieving human-machine integration and tackling neurological diseases, has become a key area in global technological competition and national strategic planning, holding significant strategic potential in supporting intelligent healthcare, human-machine collaboration, and breakthroughs in brain science. Ultrasound brain computer interface, with its unique advantages of non-invasive penetration of the skull and high spatiotemporal resolution, has emerged as a critical technological direction in the field of brain computer interaction. This review summarized the key technologies of ultrasound brain computer interfaces, including ultrasonic brain functional imaging for real-time dynamic observation of cerebral blood flow and neural activity correlations, the construction of decoding models, and neural writing techniques combining sonogenetics for cell-specific modulation. It elaborated on the application progress of ultrasonic brain computer interfaces in revealing neurovascular coupling mechanisms, which can visually demonstrate the relationship between brain functional operations and disease pathology, providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, technical challenges faced by ultrasound brain computer interfaces and application prospects in fields such as healthcare, military, industry, autonomous driving, and brain-to-brain communication were discussed.
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